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B10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Homeostatis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment

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2
Q

What do cells need to be to function?

A

They need to be homeostatis meaning they need to be optimum conditions in order to function.

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3
Q

What is homeostatis needed for?

A

For enzyme action and cell function

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4
Q

In the human body what does homeostatis control?

A
  • Blood glucose concentration
  • Body temperature
  • Water levels.
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5
Q

What is involved in automatic control sytems?

A

Nervous and hormonal communication

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6
Q

What do Receptors do?

A

They are cells that detect the stimuli and the changes in the enviroment

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7
Q

What do coordination centres do?

A

Process the information received from the receptors eg brain,spinal cord and pancreas

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8
Q

What do effectors (muscle and glands )do?

A

They bring out responses which restore optimum level

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9
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system enables humans to react to the surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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10
Q

What do Receptor cells do?

A

Convert stimulus into electrical impulses.

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11
Q

What do electrical impulses do?

A

Travels along the sensory neurones to the CNS

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12
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

The information is processed and a response is coordinated. Resulting the electrical impulses being sent through motor neurones to effectors

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13
Q

What is the order of the CNS?

A

Stimulus —> receptor —> SN —> CNS —> MN —> effector —> response

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14
Q

What does the Sensory Neurone do?

A

they are neurones that Carry information as electrical impulses from the receptor to CNS

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15
Q

What does the Motor Neurone do?

A

The Neurons that carry carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

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16
Q

What are effectors?

A

All your muscles and glands which respond to nervous impulses

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17
Q

What can receptors and effectors form?

A

Part of Complex organs

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18
Q

What do effectors respond to?

A

They respond to nervous impulses and bring out a change

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19
Q

Give an example of a stimuli? (Bird)

A

When a bird sees a cat walking towards it

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20
Q

Give an example of a receptor and sensory neurone ? (Bird)

A

The receptor in birds eye gets stimulated . Sensory Neurone carrys information from receptor to CNS

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21
Q

Give an example of what the CNS does?

A

The CNS sends information to the muscles (effectors) of the bird wings along with motor neurones. The muscles contract and fly away.

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22
Q

What connects Neurones?

A

Synapses

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23
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

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24
Q

How are nerve signals transfered?

A

Nerve signals are transfered by chemicals which diffuse across the gap.

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25
Q

What happens in the next neurone?

A

The chemicals send a new electrical signal

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26
Q

What helps prevent injuries?

A

Reflexes

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27
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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28
Q

What happens if someones shines a bright light in your eye?

A

Your pupils get smaller so less light is in and your eyes dont get damaged

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29
Q

What is the passage information in a reflex called?

A

Reflex arc

30
Q

What does the reflex arc go through?

A

The CNS

31
Q

What do the neurones in the reflex arc go through?

A

Spinal cord or unconscious part of the brain

32
Q

What happens when a stimuli detects receptors?

A

Impluses are sent to the sensory neurone to a relay neurone in CNS

33
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Connect sensory neurones to motor neurones

34
Q

What happens when the impulses reach a synapse between sensory neurone and relay neurone?

A

They trigger chemicals to be released

35
Q

What do the impulses travel along?

A

Motor neurone to the effector

36
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The time it takes to repsond to a stimuli

37
Q

What is the brain responsible for?

A

Complex behaviours

38
Q

What is the brain apart of?

A

The CNS

39
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurones

40
Q

What does the brain control?

A

Everything. Eg running , sleeping , breathing

41
Q

What is the cerbal cortex?

A

Its the outer wrinkly bit and responsible for intelligence,memory and language

42
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Controls unconscious activities. eg breathing

43
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

44
Q

What are the 3 ways scientists study the brain?

A

MRI scan, studing patients with brain damage, electrically stimulating the brain

45
Q

What is an MRI scan?

A

It’s a tube-like machine that can produce detailed images of the brains structure. They use it in active places of the brain

46
Q

What happens when electrically stimulating the brain?

A

It can be electrically stimulated by pushing a tiny electrode into the tissue and giving it a small zap of electricity

47
Q

What can electrical stimulation reduce?

A

Muscle tremors

48
Q

What does the Scelera do?

A

Its the supporting wall of the eye

49
Q

What’s the cornea?

A

Transparent outter layer found at the front of the eye. It bends light into the eye

50
Q

Whats the iris?

A

Contains muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore controls how much light eneter the eye

51
Q

What is the lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina ( which contains receptor)

52
Q

What is the shape of the lens comtrolled by?

A

Cilliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

53
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Carry receptors from retina to brain

54
Q

How does the eye focus light on the retina?

A

By changing the shape of the lens (accommodation)

55
Q

What happens when you look at close objects?

A

1) Cilliary muscles contract which slackens the suspensory ligaments
2) The lens becomes fat
3) This increases the amount of which it refracts

56
Q

What happens at distant objects?

A

1) The cilliary muscles relax which allows suspensory ligaments to pull tight
2) This makes lens go thin
3) So it refracts by a smaller amount

57
Q

What happens if the lens cannot refract?

A

The person will be short/long sighted

58
Q

Why are people long sighted?

A
  • The lens is the wrong shape and doesnt refract the light enough
  • Eyeball is too short
    The image of near objects are brought into focus behind the retina
59
Q

How can you fix longsighted people?

A

Use a convex lens. This refracts light so they focus on retina

60
Q

Whats the medical term for long sightedness?

A

Hyperopia

61
Q

Why are people short sighted?

A
  • The lens is the wrong shape and refracts light too much
  • Eyeball is too long
  • The image is brought in front of the retina
62
Q

How do you prevent short sightedness?

A

Use concave lens so light focuses on retina

63
Q

What is the medical term for short sightedness?

A

Myopia

64
Q

What are the alternatives for vision defects?

A
  • Contact lenses
  • laser eye surgery
  • replacement lens surgery
65
Q

What are contact lenses?

A

Thin lenses that sit on the surface of your eye and are shaped to compensate for the fault in focusing

66
Q

Advantages for contact lenses?

A
  • Lightweight and invisible
  • You can use them in sports
67
Q

Disadvantages of contact lenses?

A
  • Uncomfortable
  • Soft lens can cause eye infection
68
Q

What is laser eye surgery?

A

A laser is used to vaporise the tissue changing the shape of the cornea.

69
Q

What does slimming it down in laser surgery do?

A

Less powerful byt improves short sight

70
Q

What does changing the shape is laser eye surgery do?

A

More powerful and improve long sight

71
Q

Disadvantage of laser eye surgery?

A

Can make eyesight worse than before
And cause infection

72
Q

Whats the retina?

A

A layer of cells at the back of the eye that detect light and send signals to the brain through the optic nerve

Pro Biology (14 decks)

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