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Pro Biology > B3 B4 > Flashcards

B3 B4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whats a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

Whatis an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together for a specific function eg the stomach

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3
Q

What works together to form organisms?

A

Organs and organ systems

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4
Q

What are foods 3 mains nutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates
    -Lipids
  • Protein
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5
Q

Why are large molecules too hard to digest?

A

To big to be absorbed by blood stream so have to be digested

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6
Q

What happens during digestion?

A

Large food molecules are broken imto small molecules by enzymes. The small molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream

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7
Q

Describe digestive system?

A

1) Food is chewed in the mouth. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starch into smaller sugar molecules
2) Food pases through oesophagus into stomach. In the stomach enzymes begin digestion of protein. Stomach also contains hydrochloric acid which helps enzymes digest proteins
3) Food spends several hours in stomach.
4) The churning action of the muscles turns food into fluid increasing surface area for enzymes to digest
5) Fluid passes through small intestine
6) Chemicals are released in small intestine from liver to pancreas

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8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Pancreas releases enzymes which continue digestion of starch and protein. Also starts digestion of lipids

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9
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Releases bile which helps speed of digestion of lipids. Bile also neutralises the acid released from stomach

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Releases enzymes to continue the digestion of proteins and lipids

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11
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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12
Q

What is some glucose used for?

A

Respiration

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13
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse (Speed) chemical reactions

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14
Q

What are enzymes in terms of molecules?

A

Large protein molecules and they groove on the surface active site

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15
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where substrate attatches to

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16
Q

What is the lock key theory?

A

The substrate must fit in the specific shape of the enzyme

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17
Q

What are proteins broken down by?

A

Proteases

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18
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains of chemicals called amino acids

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19
Q

What happens when you digest protein?

A

The protease enzyme converts protein back to amino acids where they are broken and absorbed into the bloodstream. The amino acids are absorbed by body cells and joined together in a different order to make human proteins

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20
Q

What does starch consist of?

A

Chain of glucose molecules

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21
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down?

A

By carbohyrase (amylase)

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22
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Saliva and pancreatic fluid

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23
Q

What does a lipid molecule consist of?

A

Molecule of glycerol attatched to 3 fatty acids

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24
Q

Where do you find lipase?

A
  • Pancreatic fluid
  • Small intestine
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25
Q

Things about bile?

A
  • Made in the liver and stored in gall bladder
  • Converts large lipid droplets to smaller droplets
  • Bile emulsiphies lipids
  • Also alkeline (neutralise stomach acid)
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26
Q

What does bile do?

A

Speed up digestion of lipds but is not am enzyme

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27
Q

What does the peak of the graph show?

A

Maximum frequency of successful collisions between substrate and active site

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28
Q

Why is it when temperature passes the optimum the activity decreases to 0?

A

The enzyme molecules vibrate and the shape of active site changes

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29
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

When the substrate doesn’t fit active site

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30
Q

Why is it when you make a substance more acidic of alkiline?

A

Active site denatures

31
Q

What precautions do you need to carry out when doing food tests?

A

Wear safety goggles

32
Q

What are the steps for the practical food tests?

A

1) Take the food sample and grind this with distilled water using mortar and pestle.
2) Transfer the paste to the beaker and add more water. Stir the chemicals so they dissolve
3) Filter to remove suspended food particles

33
Q

Whats the test for starch?

A

1) Place 2cm3 of food solution in a test tube
2 )Add drops of iodine (which is orange)
3) If starch is present it will turn blue/black. If not it will stay orange

34
Q

Test for sugars?

A

1) Place 2cm3 of food solution in test tube
2) Add 10 drops of Benedicts solution which will turn blue
3) Put the test tube into a beaker
4) Fill hot water and leave for 5 minutes
5) If present will change colour
6) Green shows small amount of sugar
7) Yellow tells there is more amount of sugar
8) Brick-red shows there is a lot of sugar present
Only works for reducing sugars

35
Q

Test for proteins?

A

1) Take 2cm3 of food solution
2) Add bieuret solution
3) If protein present solution will turn lilac/purple

36
Q

Test for lipids?

A

1) Transfer 2cm of food solution to test tube
2) Add few drops of distilled water
3) Add few drops of ethanol
4) Shake solution
5) If present turns white/cloudy
6) Make sure no flames are present

37
Q

What is amylase?

A

Breaks down starch into simple sugars

38
Q

How to do effect on amylase pH practical?

A

1) Add one drop of amylase into each spotting tile
2) Put 2cm3 of starch in one tube, 2cm3 of amylase in another tube and 2cm3 of pH buffer in the final tube
3) Place all 3 in a water bath at 30°C and leave for 10 minutes
4) Combine all 3 in one test tube and mix with a rod. Put it back and start the stopwatch
5) Finally use a rod and put one drop on the tile which contains iodine
6) Should turn blue/black if starch is present
7) Take samples every 30 seconds and do until still orange
8) When it remains orange you know starch is no longer present (reaction completed)
9) Repeat with different pHs

39
Q

How to improve amylase practical?

A

Take samples every 10 seconds

40
Q

Whats the length of the small intestine?

A

5m

41
Q

Why is the small intestine being big a good thing?

A

Provides a very large surface area for absorption of the products of digestion

42
Q

What is villi?

A
  • Covered in the small intestine
  • Increases the surface area for the absorption of molecules
43
Q

What is microvilli?

A

Found on the surface of the villi and increases the surface area even further

44
Q

What is villi good at?

A
  • Has a good blood supply so the bloodstream removes the products of digestion which increases the concentration gradient
  • The thin membrane ensures a shirt diffusion path
45
Q

What happens to any molecule which cannot be absorbed by diffusion?

A

Absorbed by active transport

46
Q

What type of system do fish have?

A

Single circulatory

47
Q

Describe circulation of a fish?

A

1)Oxygenated blood pumped from heart to gills where it collects oxygen and becomes oxygenated
2) Oxygenated blood pases from the gills to organs where it difuses out of the blood and to the body cells. The blood now returns to the heart

48
Q

Whats the problem with a single circulatory system?

A

Blood loses a lot of pressure as it pases through the gills before reaching the organs. This means it travels to the organs slowly

49
Q

What system do humans have?

A

Double circulatory

50
Q

Describe circulation of human system?

A

1) deoxygenated blood is passed through heart to the lungs where it collects oxygen.
2) The oxygenated blood returns to the heart.
3) The heart pums the oxygenated blood to the organs where it transfers it’s oxygen to the body cells.
4)Blood returns back to heart

51
Q

Benefit of double circulatory system?

A

Because it goes round twice it can travel rapidly to the body cells

52
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ consisting of muscle tissue. Heart pumps blood around body

53
Q

Facts about heart?

A

1) Has 4 chambers
2)

54
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium , right ventricle ,left ventricle ,left atrium

55
Q

How is the atria seperated?

A

By valves

56
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

Brings in oxygenated blood from the body

57
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Blood pases from heart to lungs

58
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Oxygenated blood pases from lungs to the heart

59
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Oxygenated blood pases from heart to body

60
Q

How does blood enter the heart?

A

1) Blood enters left atrium then right atrium
2) atria contracts and forced into the ventricles
3) Ventricles contract and force blood out of heart
4) Valves stop blood flowing backwards

61
Q

Why does the left side of the wall have a thicker wall than the right?

A

Left ventricle pumps blood around whole body so it needs a greater force. RV only pumps blood to lungs

62
Q

What are the cononary arteries?

A

Branch out of the aorta and spread out into heart muscle

63
Q

Purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Provide oxygen to muscle cells of the heart. Oxygen is also used in respiration to provide energy to contract

64
Q

What is the resting heart rate comtrolled by?

A

Pacemaker

65
Q

What happens if pacemaker stops working?

A

Use an artificial pacemaker

66
Q

Whats an artificial pacemaker?

A

An electrical device and corrects inregularities in heart rate

67
Q

What are arteries?

A

Carry high pressure blood From the heart to the organs

68
Q

Adaptations of arteries?

A
  • thick muscular walls (withstand high pressures of blood)
69
Q

What happens every time your heart beats?

A

Blood travels through your arteries and beats

70
Q

What happens when blood pases through capilaries?

A

Substances like glucose and oxygen diffuse from blood to the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells back to blood

71
Q

Features of capilaries?

A
  • Thin walls (so diffusion path is short)
72
Q

Structure of veins?

A
  • Have a thin wall
    Blood pressure low so doesn’t have to be thick
73
Q

What do veins contain?

A

Valves (stop blood flowing backwards)

74
Q

How do veins work?

A

When blood flows in correct direction the valves open and allow blood throughs. When flows backwards they shut

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