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Pro Biology > B12 > Flashcards

B12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the kidneys control in the blood?

A
  • water content
  • ion levels
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2
Q

Name 3 things lost in sweat

A
  • water
  • ions
  • urea
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3
Q

Which part of your body monitors the volume of water in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Why does urea need to be removed from the body?

A

It is toxic and can cause damage to cells/tissues.

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5
Q

How many times a week must dialysis be performed?

A

3

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6
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be caused?

A

Type 2 diabetes can be caused by lack of exercise and a poor diet. It is not inherited.

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7
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • insulating insulin to replace hormone made in hormone
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8
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • carbohydrate-controlled diet and taking more exercise. if doesn’t work drugs are needed
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9
Q

Image showing how your body temperature is regulated

A
  • body temp rises
  • body temp fails
  • body responses triggered
    (hair lies flat, lots of sweat produced)
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10
Q

What part of the body controls your core temperature?

A

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus of the brain

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11
Q

What is the role of temperature receptors in the skin?

A

Send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre, giving info about the skin temperature

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12
Q

How does the body cool itself down?

A
  • the blood vessels that supply your surface skin open up. vasodilation and lets more blood flow through capilaries/ your skin flushes and transfers by radiation cooling you down and warming air around
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13
Q

How does the body heat itself up?

A
  • the blood vessels that supply your skin close up to reduce flow of blood through capilaries. sweat production is reduced and less water from sweat evaporates. skeletal muscles contract rapidly causing you to shiver. muscle contraction need respiration.
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14
Q

Name 3 ways water is lost from the body

A
  • Breathing
  • Urinating
  • Sweating
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15
Q

What is urea?

A

Urea is a waste product that is produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. It is filtered out the blood as it is poisonous.

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16
Q

What are the functions of your kidneys?

A
  • Remove waste products from the body
  • Regulate blood pressure and water content
  • Removing toxins from the body
17
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

Selective reabsorption is when certain molecules (e.g ions, glucose and amino acids) are reabsored from the fiiltrate as they pass through the nephron.

18
Q

What is filtered out the blood to form urine?

A

Urea

19
Q

What is the name of the artery that carries blood to the kidney.

A

Renal artery

20
Q

Urine leaves the body through which tube?

A

Urethra

21
Q

Detecting glucose in the urine is a symptom of which disease?

A

Diabetes

22
Q

If a patient has a kidney transplant, what drugs are they required to take for the rest of their lives?

A

Immunosuppressants which prevent their bodies from attacking the new organ

23
Q

ADH feedback loop when water is too high?

A
  • less ADH released
  • kidney tubes reabsorb less water
  • blood restored to normal
  • water concentration too high
24
Q

ADH feedback loop when water is too low?

A
  • more ADH released
  • kidney tubules reabsorb more water
  • blood restored to normal
  • water concentration too low
25
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone is a hormone released by the pituitary gland in your brain to conserve the amount of water passed out in the urine.

26
Q

What are 2 effective methods of treating kidney failure?

A

Dialysis
Kidney Transplant

27
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Dialysis is a procedure which uses a machine to perform the jobs of a kidney. It is used by people who have kidney failure.

28
Q

Disadvantages of dialysis

A
  • Expensive
  • Time consuming
  • Side effects
  • Requires a very careful diet
29
Q

How does a dialysis machine work? (6 marks)

A
  1. Blood is removed from the patient and flows into the dialyzer where it is kept separated from dialysis fluid by a partially permeable membrane. The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and salts as normal blood plasma so there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood by diffusion. Excess salts diffuse into the dialysis fluid. The dialysis fluid contains no urea, so all of the urea diffuses from the blood in to the dialysis fluid from the high concentration in the blood to the lower concentration in the dialysis fluid. The blood and dialysis fluid move in opposite directions across the membrane (a counter current system) in order to maintain concentration gradients all the way along. The clean blood is returned to the patient and the waste dialysis fluid is disposed of.
30
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone that is released from the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (increasing blood sugar)

31
Q

Explain how the injection of insulin affects the body

A
  • Glucose converted to glycogen
  • Stabilises blood glucose levels
32
Q

Give a common cause of type 2 diabetes

A
  • Old age and overweight
33
Q

Describe what happens to amino acids that cannot be stored in the body

A

They are broken down and converted to urea in the liver. The urea is then filtered out by the kidneys and stored in urine in the bladder.

34
Q

Internal conditions that the body regulates

A
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Blood sugar
  • Carbon dioxide levels
35
Q

What is the technical term for body temperature control?

A

Thermoregulation

36
Q

Why is homeostasis important in the body?

A

To maintain right conditions for enzyme action and cell function

37
Q

What is the name of the process by which the kidneys produce urine?

A

Filtration

38
Q

Give the major risk factor of type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity/diet

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