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Pro Biology > B10.2(shorter) > Flashcards

B10.2(shorter) Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the investigation and treatment of the brain difficult?

A
  • it can be easily damaged or destroyed
  • it is a complex and delicate organ
  • certain membranes prevent drugs from reaching the brain
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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Homeostasis is important because certain conditions are required for the body to function correctly and if they aren’t met, the body could fail

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3
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

Reflex actions aid survival by preventing harm to the body.

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4
Q

what’s the motor neurone?

A

type of neurone transmits a signal from the central nervous system to an effector such as a muscle

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5
Q

what’s the sensory neurone?

A

type of neurone transmits a signal from a sense organ to the central nervous system

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6
Q

Which part of the nervous system is not involved in producing reflex actions?

A

the brain

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7
Q

Where can receptor cells be found?

A
  • Skin
  • Ears
  • Eyes
  • Nose
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8
Q

What type of signal are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical

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9
Q

What type of organ is the eye?

A

A sense organ

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10
Q

What type of neurones are found in the CNS?

A

Relay

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11
Q

What type of lens can treat hyperopia?

A

Convex lens, which converge the light rays so they can be focused on the retina

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12
Q

What stimuli are the receptors of the eye sensitive to?

A

Light intensity and colour

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13
Q

What methods are used by scientists to determine brain function?

A
  • MRI scans
  • electrical stimulation of the brain
  • studying patients with brain damage
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14
Q

What is the white outer layer of the eye called?

A

Sclera

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15
Q

What is the role of the CNS?

A

To receive information from receptors and coordinate a response

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16
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is a system that allows all the parts of the body to communicate with each other, enabling humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.

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17
Q

What is the medulla?

A

concerned with unconscious activities such as controlling the heartbeat,movement of gut and breathing

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18
Q

What is the ideal human body temperature?

A

37 degrees C

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19
Q

What is the CNS (Central Nervous System) made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short-sightedness or myopia usually occurs when the lens of the eye is too curved. As a result, light is focused in the retina so images appear blurry.

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21
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long-sightedness usually occurs when the lens of the eye is too flat. This causes light to focus behind the retina, making images appear out of focus

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22
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment to maintain optimum conditions for function

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23
Q

What is cerebral cortex?

A

Part of the brain mainly concerned with intelligence, memory and language

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24
Q

What is an effector?

A

Muscles or glands that bring about a response to the stimulus that has been received

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25
Q

What is accomodation?

A

The alteration of the lens’ shape in order to focus on near or distant objects

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26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is the gap at the junction of two neurones.

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27
Q

What is a stimuli?

A

A stimuli is a change in the environment

28
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus

29
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The neurological and sensory mechanism that controls a reflex

30
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A negative feedback control system responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point. There is a continuous cycle of events in negative feedback.

31
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

A neurone that carries electrical imuplses from the CNS to effectors

32
Q

What is a coordination centre?

A

Areas that receive and process from the receptors, sending out signals to coordinate a response

33
Q

What does the nervous system use to help body parts communicate?

A

Electrical impulses

34
Q

What are the risks of lens replacement?

A
  • cataract
  • infections
  • retinal damage
35
Q

What are the receptors in the eye sensitive to?

A
  • light intensity
  • colour
36
Q

What are relay neruones?

A

A relay neuron allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate with each other. They are found in the CNS.

37
Q

What are receptors?

A

Cells that detect changes in the internal or external environment

38
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across synapses and bind to receptors on the next neurone

39
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundle of hundred/thousand neurones

40
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurones

41
Q

What are cells that carry electrical impulses called?

A

Neurones

42
Q

Stimulus response order

A

stimulus>receptor>SN>CNS>MN>effector>response

43
Q

Stages of a reflex arc

A

stimulus>receotor>SN>RN>MN>effector>response

44
Q

draw the eye

A

label

45
Q

label brain

A

brain

46
Q

How does the eye focus on a nearby object?

A
  • cilliery muscles contract
  • suspensory ligaments lossen
  • lens becomes thicker and more curved light rays refract strongly
47
Q

How does the eye focus on a faraway object?

A
  • colliery muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments tighten
  • lens becomes thinner light rays are refracted weakly
48
Q

How does shivering cause the body temperature to rise?

A

Respiration allows muscles to contract. It is an exothermic process, so heat energy is released.

49
Q

How can myopia be treated?

A

Using glasses with a concave lens, which spreads out light rays so they can be focused on the retina

50
Q

Factors that affect human reaction time

A
  • Caffeine
  • Age
  • Fitness
  • Fatigue
  • Distraction
51
Q

Examples of reflex actions

A
  • Blinking
  • Sneezing
  • Dropping hot objects
52
Q

Examples of homeostasis in the human body

A
  • Body temperature
  • Water levels
  • Blood glucose levels
53
Q

Examples of coordination centres

A

Brain, spinal cord or pancreas

54
Q

Example of negative feedback loop in the body

A

Body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus in your brain, and if your body gets too hot, your body begins to sweat to try and reduce it. However if the body gets too cold, it begins to shiver to try and raise the temperature.

55
Q

Diagram of electrical impulse being transmitted through a synapse

A
56
Q

Diagram of a nerve cell (neurone)

A
57
Q

Diagram of a negative feedback loop

A
  • conditions in a body change from a certain point
  • corrective mechanisms switched off
  • condition return to set point
  • corrective mechanism activated
  • change detected
58
Q

Describe the strucutre and function of the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

A

CM and SL hold lens in place and control shape

59
Q

Describe the structure and function of the sclera

A
  • tough outer layer of eye which protects internal structure
60
Q

Describe the structure and function of the retina

A

light sensitive layer found at back of eye/ stimulates retina cells resulting impulses sent back to brain

61
Q

Describe the structure and function of the optic nerve

A

connects eye to brain. carries impulses to brain so image can be visualised

62
Q

Describe the structure and function of the iris

A
  • muscle which controls size of the pupil by contracting and relaxing. allows eye to adjust to bright and dim lighting
63
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cornea

A

transparent layer at front of eye
lets light into eye and allows light to be focused on retina

64
Q

Describe how the iris alters the size of the pupil in both dim and bright lighting

A
  • bright light circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax avoid damage
  • dim light circular muscles contract and radial contract. pupil larger so more light can enter
65
Q

3 components of the body’s automatic control system

A
  • Receptors
  • Effectors
  • Coordination centres
66
Q

2 types of contact lenses

A

hard -rigid material, last a long time and must be kept sterile
soft - flexible material, last for a shorter time and more comfortable

67
Q

2 main functions of structures found within the eye

A
  • adaptation to dim light
  • focusing on near or distant objects

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