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AQA GCSE Biology > B4 - Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Red blood cells (45%)
  • White blood cells (<1%)
  • Platelets (<1%)
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2
Q

Name the features of a red blood cell

A
  • they are biconcave discs
  • no nucleus
  • contain heamoglobin
  • thin membrane
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3
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave discs?

A

Increase surface area to absorb oxygen

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4
Q

Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?

A

To increase the volume for hemoglobin

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5
Q

Why do red blood cells have a thin membrane (wall)

A

To allow gases to easily diffuse through

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6
Q

What are protein markers called?

A

antigens

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7
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cell

A

lymphocytes - produce antibodies
phagocytes - engulf and digest pathogens

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8
Q

What does oxygen and hemoglobin form

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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9
Q

What does plasma transport

A
  • blood cells
  • platelets
  • dissolved foods
  • carbon dioxide
  • urea
  • heat
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10
Q

Name the features of platelets

A
  • smaller than red blood cells
  • fragments of cells
  • irregular shape
  • no nucleus
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11
Q

What do platelets do

A

Help blood clot

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12
Q

What are the the three blood vessels

A
  • artery
  • vein
  • capillary
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13
Q

What is the lumen of a blood vessel

A

the channel/cavity

empty space for blood

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14
Q

What are the features of an artery

A
  • thick walls
  • thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • small lumen
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15
Q

What are the features of a vein

A
  • thin walls
  • large lumen
  • valves
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16
Q

What are the features of a capillary

A
  • tiny vessel
  • small lumen
  • walls 1 cell thick
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17
Q

what type of circulatory system do humans have

A

double circulatory system

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18
Q

what are the purposes of all three blood vessels

A

arteries - carry blood away from the heart, thick elastic walls allow high pressure blood to flow through
veins - carry blood towards the heart, valves stop blood from flowing the wrong direction
capillaries - connect arteries and veins, substances diffuse out because of thin cell wall

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19
Q

why is a double circulatory system important in warm blooded animals?

A

it allows for efficiency. more areas of the body can recieve oxygenated blood quickly

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20
Q

what muscle is the heart made from

A

cardiac muscle

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21
Q

what are the properties of cardiac muscle

A

it is untiring and involuntary

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22
Q

what are the two sections of the double circulatory system

A

pulmonary circulation - heart to lungs and back
systemic circulation - heart to body cells and back

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23
Q

when does heamoglobin have a high affinity for oxygen

A

in the lungs

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24
Q

what is a pulse

A

the rate of which the arteries expland and contract

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25
Q

how does blood travel through the heart

A
  1. blood enters the atrium
  2. the atria contracts and blood is forced into the ventricle, valves close to make sure blood does not flow back
  3. the ventricle contracts forcing blood out of the heart
26
Q

what are 3 methods of combating CHD

Coronary Heart Disease

A
  • stent - a metal mesh placed in the artery to open a blood vessel
  • bypass surgery - rerouting blood through another blood vessel arounded the blocked one
  • statins - a medication which lowers cholesterol in the blood which protects the inside of the coronary arteries
27
Q

Why might someone need an artificial pacemaker

A

if they have an irregular heartbeat

28
Q

Where is the pacemaker in the heart found

A

right atrium

29
Q

How does oxygen travel to the alveoli

A
  1. air travels to the lungs through the trachea
  2. trachea divides into 2 tubes called the bronchi
  3. the bronchi branch out into bronchioles
  4. bronchioles attatch to alveoli

bronchus (plural ‘bronchi’); bronchiole (plural ‘bronchioles’)

30
Q

what is the concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of a substance between 2 areas

31
Q

what can increase the rate of diffusion in the alveoli

A
  • The concentration gradient of gases
  • The temperature
  • The surface area
32
Q

What are organs made from

A

organs are made from tissues which are groups of similar cells that preform a similar function together

33
Q

What are the 4 major organs in plants

A
  • reproductive structures
  • leaves
  • stems
  • roots
34
Q

name 4 main components of a plant leaf

A
  • epidermal tissue
  • spongy mesophyll
  • palisade mesophyll
  • stomata

stoma (plural ‘stomata’)

35
Q

what is the spongy mesophyll

A

the spongy mesophyll has many air spaces and a large surface area which makes the diffusion of gases easier, they also contain some chloroplasts

36
Q

what is the epidermal tissue

A

the epidermal tissue and its waxy cuticle covers the outer surface of the leaf to ensure there in no water loss or damage to the leaf

37
Q

what are the stomata

A

they are gaps found in the lower epidermis that facilitate diffusion of gases in and out of leaves

38
Q

what is the purpose of guard cells

A

to open and close the stomata

e.g. in high temperature the stomata will close to prevent water loss

39
Q

what is the palisade mesophyll

A

located below the upper epidermis. exposed to sunlight so the cells contain chloroplasts to maximise the energy from photosynthesis.

40
Q

what are the 2 transport systems in plants

A

xylem and phloem

41
Q

what does phloem transport, what is the process called

A

transport sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
this movement is called translocation

42
Q

what does xylem transport

A

transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the rest of the plant

43
Q

name if these cells are dead or alive:
1. xylem
2. phloem

A
  1. xylem - dead cells
  2. phloem - alive cells
44
Q

what is the direction of transport for phloem and xylem

A

phloem - upwards and downwards
xylem - upwards

45
Q

how are phloem and xylem arranged

A

in vascular bundles

46
Q

what is transpiration

A

water vapour diffusing out of a leaf through the stomata

47
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the constant movement of water from the roots to the leaves

48
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of molecules through a membrane dependant on the concentration gradient

49
Q

when do the stomata open

A

guard cells open the stomata when they become turgid

turgid - swollen with water

50
Q

when do the stomata close

A

guard cells close the stomata when they become flaccid

flaccid - lacking turgidity, loose

51
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

52
Q

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

53
Q

4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • temperature
  • air movement
  • humidity
  • light intensity
54
Q

why does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

water has more energy so it diffuses faster

55
Q

why does humidity and air movement affect the rate of transpiration

A

the concentration gradient of water vapour in air to the water in the leaf affects the rate of transpiration, water will be pushed out if the air has a low concentration of water vapour. air movement can carry humid air away leaving dry air

56
Q

why does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration

A

more photosynthesis can take place which means faster transpiration

57
Q

what is adhesion

A

a molecules ability to stick to different molecules

58
Q

what is cohesion

A

a molecules ability to stick to another molecule of the same type

59
Q

what are the features of phloem tubes

A
  • arranged in phloem cells put from end to end
  • between cells there are pores that allow cell sap to pass
  • alive cells
60
Q

what are the features of xylem tubes

A
  • dead cells joined end to end
  • lignin to strengthen structure
  • no pores, one continuous tube

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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