B4 How was Rome And Venetia made part of Italy Flashcards
what did Baron Ricasoli tell nationalists upon taking of office?
“we claim Rome as our natural capital and Venetia as an integral part of our national soil”
(Piedmont’s problem)
However, to take one of Rome or Venetia what would this mean?
Dealing with more than one Great Power at a time, when half of the Italian army were fighting in the south
(Piedmont’s problem)
What did Garibaldi do in December 1861?
His “party of action”, and various working groups met to form the Italian Freedom Association
(Garibaldi Acts)
When were a group of Garibaldi supporters arrested and were led by who?
May 1862
Led by Nullo
(Garibaldi acts)
What did Garibaldi attempt to engineer 1862 and 1864?
Attempted to engineer a rising in 1862 and again in 1864, hoping that uprisings elsewhere in the Hapsburg Empire would draw Austrian troops out of Italy.
(Garibaldi acts)
When news leaked out about the plans of the uprisings in 1862 and 1864, what happened?
Upsetting foreign diplomats and forcing the Italian government to intervene and stop Garibaldi’s actions
(Garibaldi’s acts)
What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair?
Where Austria deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region
(Foreign intervention)
What was the impact of the Schleswig-Holstein?
Relations between Prussia and Austria declined and Prussia and Italy now saw Austria as their common enemy.
(Foreign intervention)
How much did La Mamora offer Austria for Venetia?
1000 million Lire
Foreign intervention
The offer failed and what was the Italian government forced into?
Negotiations with the Prussians
Foreign intervention
In 1865 what did Bismarck promise Napoleon when they met?
Neutrality in any war
Foreign intervention
What did General Govone’s mission consist of and when was this?
April 1866 to Berlin had made a military agreement in which Italy was to receive Venetia in return for her war contributions
(Foreign intervention)
When did Italy declare war on Austria?
June 1866 (Foreign intervention)
Italy was very confident of success with how many men against how many Austrians?
Italy men: 250,000
Austrians:130,000
(The War)
What was Italy’s fleet looking like?
12 ironclad ships to Austria’s 7
The War
What could be said about Italy’s advantages?
They were outweighed by more significant factors
The War
What was the problem with the Italian general staff and problem with Admiral Persano?
-inexperienced
-only led the fleet due to corruption and bribery
(The War)
The organisation was so poor as well as the lack of high levels of command, what % actually reached the front?
25%
The War
When did the Italian forces fight at Custozza and what happened?
24th June 1866
Disintegrated after panic and confused orders set in
(The War)
All of this poor organisation and planning had what effect?
Ruined the reputations of the officers and shattered Italian military pride
(The War)
When was Persano’s fleet defeated and at which battle?
July
Battle of Lissa
(The War)
What were the losses Persano had?
Lost 3 ships including the “Re d’italia”, the pride of the Italian navy
(The War)
How many shells has allegedly been fired and what was the outcome?
1450 shells fired and not a single hit
The War
When and Where did Prussia crush the Austrians?
July 3rd and Sadowa
The War
When was the armistice between Austria and Prussia?
July 26th 1866
The War
What had the war damaged for Italy?
Damaged the prestige of both the army, nationalists and the monarchy
(The Legacy of War)
However, what did Italy gain from the war?
Venetia had come into Italian hands through the victory of a foreign power
(The Legacy of War)
As a result of the secret meeting between France and Austria, what position were France in?
Had agreed to remain neutral in the war in return for Venetia following the war Austria actually gave Venetia to France, which was ceded to Italy
(The Legacy of War)
What were the plebiscite results for Venice agreeing for the annexation to Italy?
642,000 votes to 69
The Legacy of War
The war was devastating for the national psyche, what happened in August 1866?
Crispi wrote “to be Italian was something that was once longed for, now, in the present circumstances it is shameful”
(The Legacy of War)
What else had the war caused social problems?
Great debt and this had to be paid for by nationalising church land in 1867 and by introducing the unpopular Grist Tax in 1868. Increasing tension in the new state
(The Legacy of War)
Without Rome Italy couldn’t be what?
Geographically unified
What had damaged the new kingdom of Italy, linking with the Papacy?
The Popes allocution, Syllabus of Errors and Papal infalliability
Where had the Piedmont forces defeated the Papal forces?
Castelfidaro in September 1860 on their way to meet Garibaldi
What had Napoleon failed to do in 1860?
Protect the Pope which caused a Catholic backlash in France
When was a vote held in the French Chamber of Deputies to keep French troops in Rome?
March 1861
When does Garibaldi try to take over Rome? (First attempt)
1862
Negotiations over Rome between Victor Emmanuel and Napoleon III resulted in what?
September Convention of 1864
The Pope could raise his army up to what, for protection in return the French would leave within 2 years?
10,000 troops
The Piedmontese PM Minghetti was sacked and resulted in the movement of the government to where?
Tuscany in 1865
When did the last French troop leave Rome, before returning in 1867?
Dec 1866
When the French returned to Rome following Garibaldi’s second attempt to seize Rome in 1867, when did they stay until?
Garrison stayed until 1870 frosty relations between Italy and France persisted
Garibaldi was frustrated with how the government was acting referring to Rome, when did he leave Caprera and with how many men?
1862
4,000 men
What occured in May 1870 with France and other countries?
Sought the basis of an anti-Prussian allaince with Italy and Austria, but Italy would not agree unless Rome was the prize, which French Catholics would not allow
The Italian army placed Rome under a state of seige, what was the outcome?
Italian forces vs Papal forces
September 20th
49 Italian soldiers and 4 officers and 19 Papal troops died
In May 1871 the Italian Government recognised the powers of the Pope and gave him how much in a grant?
a grant of £129,000 per annum
Main factors for Venitia to be made part of Italy?
- Piedmont’s problem
- Garibaldi acts
- Foreign intervention
- The War
- The Legacy of the War
When was the 2nd time Garibaldi attempted to takeover Rome?
1867
