B4 Blood, Heart, Breathing and Plant Transport

Question 1

What are blood plasma

Answer 1

a pale yellow liquid, which transports dissolved substances around the body

Question 2

How is oxygen carried around the body

Answer 2

Oxygen binds to haemoglobin (on red blood cells) forming oxyhaemoglobin which is carried to all cells for respiration.

Question 3

What are the functions of white blood cells

Answer 3

to fight disease. There are two types of white blood cells:

i) Phagocytes – engulf pathogens and digest them

ii) Lymphocytes – produce antibodies which attach
the pathogen and destroy it.

Question 4

What is meant by humans having a ‘double circulatory system’

Answer 4

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

Question 5

What are the adaptations of an artery

Answer 5

Thick outer wall

Small Lumen

Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre

Question 6

What are the adaptations of a vein

Answer 6

Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Large lumen

Fairly thin outer wall

Question 7

What are the adaptations of a capillary

Answer 7

Very small lumen

Wall made of a single layer of cell

Question 8

What is the function of an artery

Answer 8

transport (usually) oxygenated blood under high pressure away from the heart

Question 9

What is the function of the pulmonary artery

Answer 9

transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 10

What is the function of vain

Answer 10

transport (usually) deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 11

What is the function of the pulmonary vein

Answer 11

transport oxygenated blood into the left atrium

Question 12

What are the functions of capillaries

Answer 12

allow fast exchange/diffusion of substances

Question 13

What’s the acronym to remember which side of the heart is oxygenated or deoxygenated

Answer 13

LORD

L-Left
O-oxygenated
R-right
D-deoxygenated

Question 14

What are the coronary arteries

Answer 14

these are the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for respiration.

Question 15

What happens when you get coronary heart disease

Answer 15

layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

Question 16

What is a pacemaker

Answer 16

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a
pacemaker

Question 17

What is an artificial pacemaker

Answer 17

Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

Question 18

What drugs are used to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 18

statins

Question 19

What mechanical devices are used to treat cardiovascular diseases

Answer 19

stents, artificial valves, artificial pacemakers

Question 20

What are statins

Answer 20

drugs taken to reduce blood cholesterol levels, which slows down the rate of fatty deposit build up in the coronary arteries.

Question 21

What are stents

Answer 21

wire mesh (‘balloon’) which is inserted into a (blocked) artery to widen the artery and allow more blood to flow.

Question 22

What are valves

Answer 22

valves in the heart prevent backflow of blood

Question 23

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart

Answer 23

(RHS) Vena cava ➡️ right atrium ➡️ right ventricle ➡️ pulmonary artery (pumps blood to the lungs) ➡️(LHS) Pulmonary vein ➡️ left atrium ➡️ left ventricle ➡️ aorta (pumps blood all around the body).

Question 24

What happens if the valve becomes faulty

Answer 24

could prevent the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.

Question 25

How can a faulty heart valve's be fixed

Answer 25

replaced using biological or mechanical valves.

Question 26

What are the advantages of a stent

Answer 26

``` Minor operation (doesn’t need general anaesthetic) ```

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of the stent

Answer 27

Risk of infection

Question 28

What are the advantages of Statins

Answer 28

Do not require surgery | Reduces the risk of arteries narrowing

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of

Answer 29

May increase risk of developing type 2 | diabetes

Question 30

What are the advantages of artificial valves

Answer 30

High success rate

Question 31

What are the disadvantages of artificial valves

Answer 31

Risk of infection | Need to take blood thinners

Question 32

What are the advantages of getting a transplant

Answer 32

Can treat several heart conditions | Increase life expectancy

Question 33

What is the disadvantages of getting a transplant

Answer 33

Risk of rejection | 3 year waiting list for compatible donor

Question 34

What are the advantages of getting an artificial pacemaker

Answer 34

Long lasting devices

Question 35

What are the disadvantages of getting an artificial pacemaker

Answer 35

Doesn’t treat heart disease Patient needs to avoid magnetic and electromagnetic fields of energy.

Question 36

What are the 3 adaptations of alveoli in the lungs for efficient gas exchange (structure and feature)

Answer 36

Structure: alveoli have a very large surface area Function: this provides maximum diffusion of gases Structure: each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries near the surface Function: to maintain a steep concentration gradient, this means a faster rate of diffusion. Structure: the alveoli have thin moist walls Function: this provides a short (& quicker) diffusion pathway for gases

Question 37

What is transpiration

Answer 37

is the loss of water vapour (by evaporation) from the surface of the leaf.

Question 38

What is translocation

Answer 38

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves (where they are made) to the rest of the plant.

Question 39

What are stomata

Answer 39

They are tiny pores on the surfaces of leaves, which can open or close

Question 40

What are guard cells

Answer 40

surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata

Question 41

How does the stomata Control gas exchange

Answer 41

Guard cells open and close the stomata and in this way control the levels of carbon dioxide that enter the leaf and the oxygen & water vapour that leave the leaf by diffusion.

Question 42

How does the stomata control water loss

Answer 42

In low light the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, causing the stomata to close. They would normally only close in the dark when no carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.

Question 43

How do mineral ions enter the plant?

Answer 43

Mineral ions are dissolved in water in low concentrations. Therefore the mineral ions (e.g. magnesium, potassium etc) enter the plant via the root hair cells by active transport.

Question 44

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 44

Light intensity temperature Air movement humidity

Question 45

What is the description of light intensity affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 45

Transpiration increases in bright light

Question 46

What is the description of temperature affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 46

Transpiration is faster in high temperature because the molecules have more energy

Question 47

What is the description of air movement affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 47

Transpiration is faster in windy conditions

Question 48

What is the description of humidity affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 48

Transpiration is slower in humid conditions

Question 49

What is the explanation of light intensity affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 49

This don't matter open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis. More water is therefore able to evaporate

Question 50

What is the explanation of temperature affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 50

Evaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures as enzymes can catalyse more reactions

Question 51

What is the explanation of air movement affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 51

Water vapour is removed quickly by air movement, speeding up diffusion of more water vapour out of the leaf

Question 52

What is the explanation of humidity affecting the rate of transpiration

Answer 52

The less humid air the less water in it. Water molecules move out of the leave from a high concentration to low concentration