B1 cell structure and transport Flashcards
How do you calculate total magnification
Eyepiece lens x objective lens
Define the term resolution
Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points in an image
Define the word ‘magnification’
Magnification is how much bigger an image is compared to it’s actual size.
What is the I
A
M
In the “I am” triangle
I=image size
A=Actual size
M=magnification
What is the role of the nucleus in both cells
Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes. Contains the genetic code.
What is the role of cytoplasm in both cell
This is where chemcial reactions take place
What is the function of the cell membrane in both cells
Controls what enters and leaves the cells.
What is the function of the mitochondria in both cells
This is the site of respiration.
Glucose + Oxyen –> Carbon dioxide + water vapour + ATP energy
What is the function of the cellulose cell wall in plant cell
This is outer layer of plant cells. It is made of cellulose. It gives the plant strength and support.
Why are ribosomes needed in both cell?
site of protein synthesis
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Chloroplasts contain a green chemcial called chlorophyll. It traps sunlight energy which is needed for photosynthesis.
What is the permanent vacuole in plants cells
filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
What is a Eukaryotic cell
They are the same as animal and plant. They all have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus.
What are Prokaryotes cell
Bacteria are single celled living organisms. They have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by the cell wall. The genetic material is not inclosed in a nucleus. The chromosome is a single DNA loop found free in the cytoplasm.
What are Nerve cells specifed for in animals
To carry electrical impulses around the body
Rapid communication system between the different parts of the body
What are the adaptations of a nerve cell in animals
Dendrites- to make connections to other nerve cell
An axon- carries the nerve impulse from one place to another
The nerve ending or synapses- to pass impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body using special transmitter chemicals.
why are Muscle cells specified in animals
to contract and relax
muscle contract and relax in pairs to move the bone
What are the adaptations of a Muscle cells in animals
contains special proteins- that slides over each other making the fibres contract
many mitochondria- to transfer energy needed for the chemical reaction that take place as the cell contract and relax.
store glycogen- a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration.
why are sperm cells specified in animals
usually released a long way from the egg they are going to fertilise.
They contain the genetic information of the male parent.
Need to move through water or the female reproduction system to reach egg
then they need to break into the egg
What are the adaptations of a sperm cells in animals
A long tail- whips from side to side to help move the sperm through water or the female reproduction system
middle section full of mitochondria- which transfers energy needed for the tail to work
the Acrosome- stores digestive enzymes to brake down the outer layer of the egg
large nucleus- contains the genetic information to be passed on
why are root hair cells specified in plants
Plants need to take in loads of water and dissolved mineral. The root hair cell helped them to pick up the water and mineral ions more affectively
What are the adaptations of root hair cells in plants
They greatly increase the surface area volume of water to move into the cell
They have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
They have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the route hair cell
why are photosynthetic cells specified in plants
This is how plants can make their own food.
What are the adaptations of photosynthetic cells in plants
They contain specialised green structures called chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap the light needed for photosynthesis
They are usually positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layer of the stem of a plant could they absorb as much light as possible
why are xylem cells specified in plants
Xylem is the transport tissue in plants at carvery water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots
This is also important in supporting the plant
What are the adaptations of xylem cells in plants
Xylem cells are alive when they are first formed a special chemical called lignin builds up. The cells die and formed Longhollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions can move easily through them from one end of the other
why are Phloem cells specified in plants
Phloem is the specialised transport tissue that carries the food made by photosynthesis around the body of the plant. It is made up of phloem cells that forms tube is like xylem cell
But phloem cells do not become lignified and die
The dissolved food can move up and down the phloem tube to where it is needed.
What are the adaptations of phloem cells in plants
The cell walls between the cells breakdown to form special sieve plates. These allow water carrying dissolved food to move safely up and down the tube to where it is needed
They are supported by companion cells that help to keep them alive. The mitochondria of the companion cell transfer the energy needed to move dissolved food up-and-down the plant
What is diffusion?
the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. E.g. oxygen molecules diffuse from the lungs into the blood stream.
This is a passive process which means that no energy is needed from the body
What are the factors of Diffusion
Temperature
If the temperature increases the particles have more kinetic energy therefore they will collide with each other more often. The rate of diffusion will increase
Distance
The shorter distance the particles have to move the quicker the rate of diffusion will happen.
Concentration gradient
The greater the difference in concentration between two regions the faster the rate of diffusion happens.
Surface area
The greater the surface area that the particles have to diffuse across the greater the rate of diffusion
What is Osmosis?
the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
Osmosis-What happens in the animal cell when there is a dilate solution?
Lysis- when there is too much water and it bursts
Osmosis-What happens in the animal cell when there is a concentrated solution?
Crenated- when there is too little water
Osmosis-What happens in the plant cell when there is a dilate solution?
Turgid- when there is too much water
Osmosis- What happens in the plant cell when there is a concentrated solution?
Plasmolyse - when there is too little water
What is active transport
the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. Against a concentration gradient, requires ATP energy and a carrier protein in
the cell membrane.
What is the size of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cell?
prokaryotic cells have extremely small cells while eukaryotic cell have larger cells
What is the nucleus of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cell?
prokaryotic cells have no nucleus while eukaryotic cell have a nucleus
What is the type of DNA of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cell?
prokaryotic cells, DNA is circular while eukaryotic cell, DNA is linear
How many organelles do prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cell?
prokaryotic cells have few organelles while eukaryotic cell have many organelles
