B4 Flashcards
Describe how the plasmid can be used to genetically modify a bacterial cell to
contain a human gene
First we remove part of gene that we need , then the plasmid is cut using a restriction enzyme . human DNA is inserted into the plasmid and ligase enzyme is used to join up the genes . the plasmid is then inserted into bacterium
How can GM bacteria be used to help humans
Vaccines and hormones to cure diseases and it avoids use of animals
Also Vitamin A rice
What is the enzyme used to cut gene
Enzyme used to put gene together
Restriction enzyme to cut it
Ligase to put it back together
stages to clone a baby from a genetically engineered cell
The nucleus of the Gm cell is removed from the cell and now we have a lone nucleus
Then we find a donor egg and remove the nucleus from the donor egg and insert the Gm nucleus into the donor egg .
Now the division of cells is stimulated by an electric shock and the cell divides by mitosis .
these cells are put into a surrogate mother and cells differentiates to form an embryo
mother gives birth and the genetically modified baby is born
How do scientists tell a fossil is older than another fossil?
Difference in certain features of the fossil
Rocks would be deeper
What was Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
He proposed the idea of natural selection :
Individuals with characteristics most suited to environment will survive and breed
Characteristics pass on to next generation
survival of the fittest
How does antibiotic resistance support Darwin’s theory?
Random mutations occur in the genes of bacteria
These mutations may protect the bacteria from antibiotics
The bacteria that do not have this mutation die , only the bacteria with this mutation can survive and reproduce
Who are :
Ardi
Lucy
Leakey
All skeletons found in Africa
Gives us evidence for evolution
How does the pentadactyl limb give evidence for evolution
all have an ulna
all have a carpal
different pentadactyl limbs evolved differently to suit the animals needs
What are the 5 kingdoms
Animals plants Fungi Prokaryotes Protists
Describe the process of selective breeding
chose parents that have the desired characteristic from a mixed population
breed them together and then breed together the offspring that shows the desirable characteristic
Repeat process over many generations until all the offspring have the desired characteristics
What are some advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering
Improved crop yields
Fast and gets same results as selective breeding
Can make food on a mass production - feed higher population
However ,
some people may not want to interfere with nature in this way
Long term effects are unknown
Describe biological control
advantages/disadvantages
controlling the population of a pest by introducing a natural rival of the species
this is a natural method and avoids using chemicals
predators numbers may become out of control
predator might eat a useful species
