B3

Question 1

Describe the process of protein synthesis

Answer 1

Firstly transcription takes place , this is when the base sequence of the gene is copied into a complimentary template molecule . this is called mRNA .

The mRNA then goes into the cytoplasm and attaches itself to a ribosome . then there is translation- the TRNA then brings the amino acids to the ribosome and the ribosome puts the Amino acid in the correct order according to the sequence of bases .there are 3 bases for 1 amino acid . An enzyme then joins the amino acids together and a protein is made .

Question 2

Describe how a section of DNA determines the structure of a protein

Answer 2

The order of the bases determines the structure of the protein because during translation , the mRNA is a template of a strand of DNA in the nucleus and in translation this same order of bases is used to make protein . 3 base pairs for every 1 amino acid .

Question 3

How did scientists help discover DNA

Answer 3

X-ray being used to show helical structure .
X-rays also used to show diameter of molecules
X-rays being used to show how the base pairings were shown

Question 4

Explain how the human genome project is useful

Answer 4

can easily identify mutated genes
people can be tested for genetic disorders
Diseases like cancer can be easily identified

Question 5

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are made ?

Answer 5

Inject a mouse with the antigen of the pathogen
the mouse’s Lymphocytes will produce antibodies agenized the pathogen
We can collect the antibodies from the mouse
Fuse the antibodies with a myeloma cell
Hybridoma cell is now made
Hybridoma produces the monoclonal antibodies
attach the monoclonal antibody to your test strip

Question 6

How is DNA extracted from fruit ?

Answer 6

Peel skin of fruit and mash up the fruit
mix salt and washing up liquid into fruit
heat the mixture for 5 minutes
Filter mixture and retain the filtrate
pour cold ethanol onto filtrate and observe