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applied science (unit 5) > (B3) Urinary System Structure and Function > Flashcards

(B3) Urinary System Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the kidney?

A

As an osmoregulatory organ to regulate the water content of the blood and filter it
As an excretory organ to excrete urea or substances in excess such as salts

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2
Q

What system are the kidneys a part of?

A

The excretory system

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3
Q

What brings blood towards the kidneys?

A

Aorta

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4
Q

What brings blood away from the kidneys?

A

Renal Vein to the Vena Cava

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5
Q

What is renal?

A

Renal relates to the kidneys

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6
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys (contains urea and salts)

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7
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys

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8
Q

What is the renal artery connected to?

A

The Aorta

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9
Q

What is the renal vein connected to?

A

The Vena Cava

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10
Q

What is the ureter?

A

The passageway from the kidneys to the bladder that carries urine

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11
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

Stores urine temporarily

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12
Q

What is the sphincter muscle?

A

The muscle that opens and closes the pathway between the bladder and urethra

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13
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube that lets urine leave your bladder and body

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14
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

A tough outer layer that surrounds the kidneys

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15
Q

What are the areas beneath the fibrous capsule?

A
  • The Cortex
  • The Medulla
  • The Renal Pelvis
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16
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A
  • The glomerulus
  • The bowman’s capsule
  • The proximal convoluted tubule
  • The distal convoluted tubule
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17
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A
  • The loop of Henle
  • The collecting duct of the nephrons
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18
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Where the ureter joins the kidney

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19
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The functional unit of the kidney which is responsible for the formation of urine

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20
Q

How many nephrons are there?

A

1-2 million per kidney

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21
Q

What is associated with each nephron?

A

A network of blood vessels

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22
Q

What is inside the bowman’s capsule?

A

The glomerulus

23
Q

Where is the glomerulus supplied blood from?

A

From arterioles which have carried blood from the renal artery

24
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small blood vessels that carry blood, they are connectors between the arteries and capillaries

25
Q

What do the capillaries of the glomerulus do?

A

They rejoin to form a arteriole which flows along the rest of nephron
The blood from here flows eventually into the renal vein

26
Q

How does filtration happen in the nephron?

A

The blood vessels and the nephrons are interconnected (not linked) so waste is filtered through diffusion

27
Q

What happens in the glomerulus?

A

Urea is filtered from the blood

28
Q

Where does the urine go after leaving the Bowman’s Capsule?

A
  1. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. The Distal Convoluted Tubule
  4. Collecting Duct
  5. Renal Pelvis
  6. Ureter
  7. Bladder
29
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of waste substance of metabolic reaction, toxic materials and substances that are excess in requirement

30
Q

What is a metabolic reaction?

A

The chemical reactions that take place inside the cell

31
Q

What do the kidneys mainly excrete?

A

Excess water, salts and urea

32
Q

What waste substances need to be removed from the blood?

A
  • Uric Acid
  • Ammonia
  • Urea
  • Creatine
  • Excess Hormones
  • Excess Water
  • Excess Salt Ions (Na+, Cl-, Mg2+)
33
Q

What are the two stages of urine production in the kidney?

A
  1. Ultrafiltration
  2. Selective Reabsorption
34
Q

Where does ultrafiltration happen?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

35
Q

Where does selective reabsorption happen?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule and the Loop of Henle

36
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Small molecules that are waste substances are filtered out of the blood capillaries of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule to form glomerular filtrate

37
Q

What is selective absorption?

A

Useful molecules are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate and is returned to the blood as the filtrate flows along the nephron

38
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of the water potential of the body’s fluids

39
Q

What is osmoregulation a part of?

A

Homeostasis

40
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of keeping everything in the body the same

41
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

Specialized sensory neurons that monitor the water potential of the blood

42
Q

What happens if the osmoreceptors detect a decrease in the water potential of the blood?

A

Nerve impulses are sent along the sensory neurons to the posterior pituitary gland

43
Q

What happens when the posterior pituitary gland receives nerve impulses?

A

It releases ADH

44
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

45
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water which reduces the loss of water that happens through urine

46
Q

ADH cycle if too much water is drunked

A
  1. Water content of the blood is high
  2. Brain produced less ADH
  3. Low volume of water is reabsorbed by kidney
  4. Urine output is high
47
Q

What is dialysis?

A

A procedure that acts as an artificial kidney to remove urea as well as maintain the water and ion balance of the blood

48
Q

Why is dialysis needed?

A

Humans can only survive if they have at least one kidney, dialysis is used for those who suffer from total kidney failure

49
Q

How does the dialysis machine work?

A

Blood is taken out of the body and given an anti-coagulant

Then the blood passes by dialysis fluid where diffusion will occur removing urea

After the blood passes through a air detector and then goes back into the body

50
Q

What is a anti-coagulant?

A

Something added to the blood to stopping it clotting after being exposed outside of the body

51
Q

What is in the dialysis fluid and how much is needed?

A

A normal level of concentration of glucose and ions so that a normal amount glucose and ions remain in the blood because the concentration gradient is the same

The dialysis fluid needs to be in a constant fresh supply to get rid of the urea it has collected

52
Q

Advantages of Dialysis

A
  • Reduced levels of urea in blood
  • No change in the amount of water, ions and glucose in the body
53
Q

Disadvantages of Dialysis

A
  • Expensive
  • Dialysis is needed multiple times a week for a long period of time

applied science (unit 5) (12 decks)

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