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Applied Science (Unit 5) > (A2) Alkenes and Alkanes > Flashcards

(A2) Alkenes and Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A series of unsaturated hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A series of saturated hydrocarbons

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3
Q

Formula of Alkene

A

Cn H(2n)

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4
Q

Formula of Alkane

A

Cn H(2n+2)

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5
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds between carbon atoms

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6
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

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7
Q

Type of Alkenes

A
  • Straight Chain
  • Branched Chain
  • Cyclic Alkenes
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8
Q

Nomenclature for 1

A

Meth

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9
Q

Nomenclature for 2

A

Eth

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10
Q

Nomenclature for 3

A

Prop

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11
Q

Nomenclature for 4

A

But

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12
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of long chain hydrocarbons to smaller hydrocarbons

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13
Q

Types of Cracking

A
  • Thermal Cracking
  • Catalytic Cracking
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14
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Using a catalyst to cause cracking

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15
Q

What is thermal cracking?

A

High temperature is used to cause cracking

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16
Q

Product of Cracking

A

1) Long Chain –> alkene + alkene
2) Long Chain –> alkene + alkene + H₂

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17
Q

What is combustion?

A

The burning of oxygen and fuel (alkane)

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18
Q

Types of Combustion

A
  • Complete Combustion
  • Incomplete Combustion
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19
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

There is large supply of oxygen

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20
Q

Formula of Complete Combustion

A

Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water
CH₄ + O₂ –> CO₂ + 2H₂O

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21
Q

What is formed in complete combustion?

A
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Water
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22
Q

What color is the flame in complete combustion?

A

Blue

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23
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

There is a limited supply of oxygen

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24
Q

Formula of Incomplete Combustion

A

Alkane + Oxygen –> Carbon Monoxide + Water
2CH₄ + 3O₂ –> 2CO + 4H₂O

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25
Q

What is formed in incomplete combustion?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Soot
  • Water
  • Carbon
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26
Q

What color is the flame in incomplete combustion?

A

Orange

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27
Q

Why is incomplete combustion undesirable?

A

It releases less energy and produces carbon monoxide(poisonous) unlike complete combustion which releases the maximum amount of energy from the fuel being reacted

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28
Q

What is Benzene?

A

A planar molecule where all the atoms lie in one plane which contains a ring of six carbon atoms that form a perfectly regular hexagon

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29
Q

What is the formula for Benzene?

A

C₆H₆

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30
Q

Which type of bond is shorter, double or single?

A

Double Bond

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31
Q

What bond angle is Benzene?

A

120°

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32
Q

Order of Bond Strength (alkenes, alkanes and benzene)

A

Strongest I
I Alkenes
I Benzene
I Alkanes
Weakest I

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33
Q

What is the bond length in Benzene?

A

All the bonds in benzene are the same length (0.14 nm)

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34
Q

What is the bond length of single and double bonds?

A

0.147 nm for single
0.135 nm for double

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35
Q

What is hybridisation?

A

When two orbitals fuse together

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36
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

A covalent bond that occurs from the end to end overlap between orbitals

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37
Q

Symbol for Sigma Bonds

A

σ

38
Q

What are pi Bonds?

A

A covalent bond that occurs from the side to side overlap between orbitals

39
Q

Symbol for pi Bonds

A

𝛑

40
Q

What orbital overlaps does a sigma bond have?

A

P-P (end to end)
S-P (end to end)
S-S (end to end)

41
Q

What orbital overlaps does a pi bond have?

A

P-P (side by side)

42
Q

How many σ and 𝛑 does a single bond have?

A

1 σ bond and 0 𝛑 bonds

43
Q

How many σ and 𝛑 does a double bond have?

A

1 σ bond and 1 𝛑 bonds

44
Q

How many σ and 𝛑 does a triple bond have?

A

1 σ bond and 2 𝛑 bonds

45
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

A triple bond

46
Q

What is stronger a sigma or a pi bond?

A

A sigma bond

47
Q

Differences between sigma and pi bond

A
  • A sigma bond has lower bond enthalpy than a pi bond
  • A sigma bind has electron density between bonding atoms whilst a pi bond has electron density above and below bonding atoms
48
Q

What is the bond angle for sp¹?

A

180°

49
Q

What is the bond angle for sp²?

A

120°

50
Q

What is the bond angle for sp³?

A

109.5°

51
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron

52
Q

What is fission?

A

Splitting

53
Q

What is fusion?

A

Combining

54
Q

Types of free radical fission

A
  • Heterolytic Fission
  • Homolytic Fission
55
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

One bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair, ions are formed

56
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair forming two radicals

57
Q

What are the reagents in free radical substitution?

A

A halogen and an alkane

58
Q

What is condition is needed for free radical substitution?

A

UV light

59
Q

Stages of Free Radical Substitution (FRS)

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation
  3. Termination
60
Q

What happens during the initiation step?

A

Radicals are formed

61
Q

How many equations does the initiation step have?

A

One

62
Q

How many equations does the propagation step have?

A

Two

63
Q

What happens during the termination step?

A

Radicals join to form products

64
Q

How many equations does the termination step have?

A

At least one (Usually three)

65
Q

Why is FRS not a good method?

A

Because biproducts are formed

66
Q

Why are free radicals reactive?

A

Because they are trying to pair up their unpaired electron

67
Q

What does inter mean?

A

In between the molecules

68
Q

What does intra mean?

A

Inside the molecules

69
Q

What are the types of isomers

A
  • Structural Isomers
  • Stereoisomers
70
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement

71
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds that have the same structural formula but different arrangement in space

72
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

Atoms that are on the same side of the double bond

73
Q

What is the alternative name for the cis isomer?

A

Z isomer

74
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

Atoms that are on the opposite sides of the double bond

75
Q

What is the alternative name for the trans isomer?

A

E isomer

76
Q

What determines the priority of the isomers

A

The higher the atomic number of the atom attached to the carbon the higher its priority
e.g. Br>Cl>H

77
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A carbon with only three bonds and a positive charge

78
Q

What is a “R” Group?

A

A chain of carbon atoms (CH₃)

79
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

One of the three groups is an “R” group
H
H C CH₃
+

80
Q

What is a secondary carbocation?

A

Two of the three groups is an “R” group
CH₃
H C CH₃
+

81
Q

What is a tertiary carbocation?

A

All of the three groups is an “R” group
CH₃
H₃C C CH₃
+

82
Q

Order of Stability of Carbocations

A

Highest I
I Tertiary
I Secondary
I Primary
Lowest I

83
Q

Why is tertiary the most stable out of all the carbocations?

A

Because there are more “R” groups which adds more electrons

84
Q

What are most reactions of alkenes?

A

Additional reaction

85
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

A species that can accept a pair of electrons
They are either positive ions or polar molecules with partial charges

86
Q

What are electrophiles attracted to?

A

high electron density carbon double bonds

87
Q

What happens in electrophilic addition if the alkene is symmetrical?

A

The two carbocation are identical which leads to one product

88
Q

What happens in electrophilic addition if the alkene is asymmetrical?

A

There are two different carbocations which leads to two possible products

89
Q

What is the major product?

A

The more stable carbocation during electrophilic addition

90
Q

What is the minor product?

A

The less stable carbocation during electrophilic addition

91
Q

What needs to be added in an electrophilic addition diagram?

A
  • Direction Arrow
  • Dipole
  • Charges
  • Lone Pair

Applied Science (Unit 5) (12 decks)

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