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Applied Science (Unit 5) > (B1) The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

(B1) The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the heart consist of?

A
  • 4 Chambers (pumps)
  • The right and left sides of the heart are completely separate but there are valves between the top and bottom chambers
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2
Q

What are the top chambers called?

A

Atria (atrium/left and right)

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3
Q

What are the bottom chambers called?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

How does blood travel through the heart?

A

Blood comes into the atrium and out the ventricle

On the right side it comes from the body to the lungs
On the left side it comes from the lungs to the body

Deoxygenated blood goes through the right side
Oxygenated blood goes through the left side

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5
Q

Structure of the Heart

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Pulmonary Vein
  • Left/Right Atrium
  • Left/Right Ventricle
  • Vena Cava
  • Semi-Lunar Valves
  • Septum
  • Tricuspid/Bicuspid
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6
Q

What is the purpose of the aorta?

A

To carry oxygenated blood to the body

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the vena cava?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the body

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood to the lung

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the lung

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the septum?

A

To divide the left and right side of the heart

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

A

To prevent blood from flowing backwards

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12
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

On the right side of the heart

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13
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve?

A

On the left side of the heart

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14
Q

Where is the semi-lunar valve?

A

Between the ventricles and the aorta/pulmonary artery

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15
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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16
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute

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17
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood in millilitres, pumped out of the heart at each beat

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18
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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19
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle

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20
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

An involuntary muscle which is striated in appearance

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21
Q

What is myogenic muscle?

A

Muscle that contracts reflexively without nervous stimulation

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22
Q

What are the specialized tissues that are involved in the neural control of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Sinoatrial Node (SAN)
  • Atrioventricular Node (AVN)
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje Fibres
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23
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SAN)?

A

The heart’s pacemaker which controls how fast the heart beats

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24
Q

Where is SAN?

A

In the wall of the right atrium

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25
Q

What is the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

A

The AVN is the gateway for electrical impulses to pass from the atria to the ventricles to initiate ventricular systole

26
Q

What are bundle of his?

A

A tissue that conduct electrical impulses from the AV node to purkinje fibres

27
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Fibres that transmit impulses to the ventricle’s walls

28
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

Around 70 - 80 beats whilst resting

29
Q

Neural Transmission in the Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. The SAN cause impulses to be generated in the heart which can travel across both atria to the AVN causing the atria to contract
  2. There is a time delay at the AVN between the impulse leaving the atria and arriving at the apex. This delay allows the atria to pump out all of the blood into the ventricles
  3. The impulse then travels down the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibres
  4. The Purkinje fibres transmit impulses to the ventricle walls causing the ventricle contraction which starts at the apex of the heart. The sequence of events ensures contractions begin at the apex of the heart, forcing blood up towards the arteries
  5. The cycle then starts again from the beginning
30
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
31
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Elastic Fibres
  • Thick Wall
  • Narrow Lumen
32
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

To withstand high blood pressure and the diameter of the lumen can be changed to vary blood flow

33
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A
  • Thin Wall
  • Wide Lumen
  • Valves
34
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To contain blood that is under a low pressure and contain a large volume that acts as a blood reservoir

35
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A
  • One cell thick wall
  • Small Lumen
36
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Allow rapid exchange between blood and tissues
Links the arteries and veins together

37
Q

What blood vessels have valves?

A

Veins

38
Q

What blood type is a universal donor?

A

O because they have no antigens but there is still a risk

39
Q

What blood type is a universal recipient?

A

Group AB because they have no antibodies

40
Q

What happens if you transfusion someone with a different blood type?

A

The donor’s blood cells to clump together, or agglutinate, which can be fatal.

41
Q

What antibodies and antigens does each group have?

A

Group A - Antigen A, Antibodies B
Group B - Antigen B, Antibodies A
Group O - No Antigens, Antibodies A and B
Group AB - Antigen A and B, No Antibodies

42
Q

What is the rhesus factor?

A

A protein on the blood cell which tells us if a blood type is positive or negative

43
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Atrial Systole –> Ventricular Systole –> Diastole

44
Q

What is the atrial systole?

A

When the muscles in the atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles from the atria

45
Q

What is the ventricular systole?

A

When the muscles in the ventricle contract and blood leaves the heart through the aorta

46
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the chambers relax and blood fills the chambers

47
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

A test that measures and presents the electrical changes in the heart

48
Q

Usage of an ECG

A

If a cardiovascular disease cause disruptions in the heart’s normal pathways there is a disruption in the expected ECG pattern. This can be used for diagnosing a cardiovascular disease.

49
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When the heart is beating too slow (less than 60 bpm)

50
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When the heart is beating too fast (more than 100 bpm)

51
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

When the heartbeat is irregular

52
Q

What is the normal rhythm of the heart?

A

Between 60 bpm to 100 bpm

53
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

There is a irregular ventricular rate

54
Q

What is a flat line?

A

There is no signal (no heartbeat)

55
Q

Factors that increase the rate of CVD

A
  • Diet
  • Lack of Exercise
  • Genetics
  • High Blood Pressure
56
Q

Treatments for CVD

A
  • Statins
  • Antihypertensives
  • Heart Transplant
57
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that lower blood cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • Tiredness
  • Nausea
  • Headache
59
Q

What are antihypertensives?

A

Drugs like diuretics which reduces high blood pressure

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of antihypertensives?

A
  • Dizziness
  • Cramps
  • Nausea
61
Q

What are the disadvantages of a heart transplant?

A

Risk of rejection and reduces immunity

Applied Science (Unit 5) (12 decks)

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