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Applied Science (Unit 5) > (B2) Ventilation and Gas Exchange in the Lungs > Flashcards

(B2) Ventilation and Gas Exchange in the Lungs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What system are the lungs a part of?

A

The respiratory system

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2
Q

Where do most living organisms gain their energy from?

A

Aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce?

A

ATP

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4
Q

Equation of Respiration

A

Oxygen + Glucose –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

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5
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Breathing

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7
Q

What is inhalation?

A

Drawing air in

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8
Q

What is exhalation?

A

Pushing air out

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9
Q

What is the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Breathing is the process of inhaling and exhaling air whilst respiration is a chemical process that takes place in the cell which breaks down glucose to create energy

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10
Q

Parts of the Lungs

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Larynx and Pharynx
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
  • Trachea
  • Right and Left Bronchus
  • Bronchiole
  • Alveoli
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11
Q

Role of the Nose

A

The nose is where the respiratory system starts, and it helps breathing using the hairs and mucus to stop large air impurities from entering the respiratory system

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12
Q

Role of the Mouth

A

A secondary inhaler and exhaler

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13
Q

Role of the Pharynx

A

Connects the nose and mouth to the larynx, separating the pathway from the digestive system from the lungs

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14
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A

1) A passageway for air
2) As a valve to close off the air passageway from the digestive system
3) As a voice box

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15
Q

Role of the Trachea

A

A tube which allows to pass beyond the larynx to the left and right bronchus

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16
Q

What is the chest (thoracic) cavity?

A

The space in your chest that contains the lungs, heart and trachea

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17
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a large, dome-shaped muscle which is the main muscle of respiration that contracts

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18
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

To help expand and contract the lungs, forcing air in and out

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19
Q

Function of the Lungs

A

To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen and each lung is enclosed off separately within two membranes like a ballon inside a bag which is inside another bag

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20
Q

Left Bronchi

A

A passageway for air to reach the lungs, the left bronchus has a sharper bend than the right bronchus due to the presence of the heart and major blood vessel below it

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21
Q

Right Bronchi

A

A passageway for air to reach the lungs

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22
Q

Bronchioles

A

Each bronchus subdivides and then subdivides again into smaller and smaller branches to make the bronchioles
*like tree branches

23
Q

Role of the bronchioles

A

To deliver air that has been warmed to body temperature, moistured and filtered to the alveoli

24
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs which are the “leaves” of the respiratory system, they are at the end of the bronchioles

25
Q

Role of the alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs (fresh oxygen, O2 is exchanged for carbon dioxide, CO2)

26
Q

What are the alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

27
Q

Why are the alveoli surrounded by capillaries?

A

For faster diffusion

28
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles on the ribcage that contract and relax to push air in and out of the lungs

29
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Contracts, flattens and moves down

30
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

Relaxes, forms a dome (pushed by the organs beneath)

31
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

Contracts, pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards

32
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

Relaxes to let the ribcage fall downwards and inwards

33
Q

What happens to the volume of the chest cavity during inspiration?

A

Increases

34
Q

What happens to the volume of the chest cavity during expiration?

A

Decreases

35
Q

What happens to the pressure of the chest cavity during inspiration?

A

Decreases below atmospheric/air pressure

36
Q

What happens to the pressure of the chest cavity during expiration?

A

Increases above atmospheric/air pressure

37
Q

What is the end result of inspiration?

A

Air moves into the lungs, down the pressure gradient

38
Q

What is the end result of expiration?

A

Air moves out of the lungs, down the pressure gradient

39
Q

Structure of the trachea and bronchus (left and right)

A
  • Lined with ciliated (hairy) epithelium
  • Supported by c shaped rings of cartilage
  • Interspersed with goblet cells to secrete mucus
40
Q

Structure of the bronchioles

A
  • Smooth muscles tissues to contract and restrict the airways
  • Elastic fibres
41
Q

How is diffusion in the alveoli maximised?

A
  • Large surface areas
  • The wall of alveoli is 1 cell thick to minimize distance
  • Moist alveoli walls to maximize dissolved gases
  • Capillaries are close and surround the alveoli, blood is constantly flowing there so to maintain the concentration gradient between the alveoli and the capillary
42
Q

What is diffusion (concentration) gradient?

A

A concentration gradient exists when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration.

In the alveoli a gradient is maintained between the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and the concentration of oxygen in the lung capillaries

43
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

Two layers of serous membrane which enclose and protect the lungs

44
Q

Role of the Plural Membrane

A

Provides protection and a smooth, lubricating elastic surface for the lungs to move during breathing

45
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

An apparatus that measures the breathing rate

46
Q

How does a spirometer work?

A

When someone breathes out into the tank the mobile upper half which is full of oxygen will rise and when someone breathes in from the tank the static lower half which is full of water will fall.

A trace marker is attached to the mobile upper half

47
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during the resting breathing rate

48
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

How much extra air that can be breathed in during forced inspiration

49
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

How much extra air that can be breathed out during forced expiration

50
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after maximum respiration

51
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The largest possible volume change in the lungs (from maximum inspiration to maximum expiration

52
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

Residual volume + vital capacity, the maximum capacity of the lungs

53
Q

Why does the rate of oxygen consumption increase during excercise?

A

There is a need for more energy so there is more respiration in the mitochondria. There is also a need to get rid of lactic acid.

Applied Science (Unit 5) (12 decks)

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