Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHTY2101 EOS > B3 L41/42: Rheumatology > Flashcards

B3 L41/42: Rheumatology Flashcards

1
Q

Many types of arthritis. What are 4 factors that diagnosis dependent on?

A
  • History of symptoms
    • Signs present
    • Investigations
    • Inflammatory joints with or without associated features should trigger your referral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Chronic systemic, destructive, inflammatory arthropathy of unknown aetiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cause of RA?

A

unknown aetiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the prevalence of RA?

A

1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are males or females more affected by RA? What is the ratio?

A

Females (3:1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 peak onsets for RA?

A

Peak onset 55 years
○ Late childbearing years. Post partum - high risk of RA.
○ Second peak : 60-80 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is RA disabling? What is the ratio of people who stop work 5 years after diagnosis?

A

Yes –> 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many years does RA reduce life expectancy by?

A

7-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 Pathogenesis of RA?

A

• Family predisposition
○ First degree relative with RA (RR 1.5)
○ Monozygotic twins 12-15% concordance
• Genetics
○ RA strongly linked to MHC Class II antigens
○ HLA DRB10404
○ HLA DRB10401
• Environment
○ Smoking associated, anti-oxidants/pregnancy/alcohol is protective because dampening immune system?
○ Other triggers? Infections, microbiota, silica dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 7 criteria in the diagnosis of RA-

American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria 1986 (old classification criteria)?

A
  • Morning stiffness > 1hr
    • Three or more joints
    • Smaller hand or feet joints
    • Symmetrical distribution
    • Positive Rheumatoid factor (and/or Anti CCP)
    • Rheumatoid nodules
    • X-ray changes (plus MRI, CT, US)

4/7 criteria and >6 weeks duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 7 criteria in the diagnosis of RA- 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for RA (current classification criteria)

A
  • Score >6 = definite RA
    • Better sensitivity & specificity for all stages of RA
    • 1 or more joint definite synovitis (not explained by another disease)
    • Joints small or large
    • RF and anti-ccp (ACPA)
    • CRP and ESR - markers of inflammation in blood
    • Duration of symptoms - minumum 6/52 for diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 16 Clinical Features of RA?

A
  • Pain and swelling on the affected joints
    • Local tenderness to palpation and with ROM
    • Classical “boggy” feeling to the joint (hard plasticine feeling?)
    • Heat and redness of joint
    • Thickening of tendons – tenosynovitis
    • Nodules on tendons – triggering/rupture
    • Reduced grip strength - RA specific symptom
    • Ulnar deviation of fingers
    • Boutonnière and Swan neck deformities in late RA
    • Radial drift of carpals
    • Prominence of ulnar styloid
    • Fixed flexion at elbow - not specific to RA
    • Frozen shoulder
    • Retrocalcaneal bursitis - tarsal tunnel syndrome
    • Knee effusions
    • Baker’s cysts
    • Hip and CV spine in established RA only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 5 Typical/Classical Clinical Features of RA?

A
  • Polyarticular disease
    • Gradual onset - weeks to months
    • Predominant symptoms being pain, stiffness and swelling of many joints
    • Morning stiffness (= inflammation) very common, slowness to move.
    • 1/3 have systemic features including myalgia, fatigue, low grade fever, fatigue, weight loss and low mood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 3 Palindromic Onset

Clinical Features of RA?

A
  • Episodic symptoms with several joints being affected for hours to days
    • Symptom free periods may last days to months
    • Hard to diagnose - patient might think it’s due to other injury? Need to take a proper history.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 4 Monoarthritis (rare)

Clinical Features of RA?

A
  • Persistent single joint arthritis
    • Frequently large joints; knee, shoulder, hip, wrist (in old women)
    • Sole manifestation or herald the onset of polyarticular disease
    • Often a history of trauma/initiating event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 6 Extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A
  • Cardiovascular: Pericarditis, myocarditis - death.
    • Respiratory: Pleuritis, intrapulmonary nodules, rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis
    • Neurological: Peripheral sensory neuropathy, Entrapment neuropathies, Cervical myelopathy
    • Ocular: Episcleritis/scleritis and sicca symptoms
    • Skin: Subcutaneous nodules. Vasculitis.
    • Haematological: Anaemia, Splenomegaly, Felty’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a respiratory extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Pleuritis, intrapulmonary nodules, rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a neurological extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Peripheral sensory neuropathy, Entrapment neuropathies, Cervical myelopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an ocular extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Episcleritis/scleritis and sicca symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a skin extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Subcutaneous nodules. Vasculitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a haematological extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Anaemia, Splenomegaly, Felty’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a cardiovascular extra-articular manifestations of RA?

A

Pericarditis, myocarditis - death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 things found in a blood test of RA?

A
  • FBC, e/LFTs, ESR/CRP
    • Rheumatoid factor (non-specific for RA)
    • Anti-CCP antibodies (98% specific for RA)
    • We test both RA factor and anti-CCP. If both present, then worse prognosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 3 things found in imaging of RA?

A

• X-rays: RA affects wrist & MCP, maybe PIP, never DIP. Erosion at joints, dislocation/subluxation, loss of joint space
○ Baseline hands and feet, other joints if indicated.
○ CXR.
• MRI: Early synovitis, early erosion (can’t see on X-ray), bone marrow oedema, tenosynovitis.
• Ultrasound: Rotator cuff/tendinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 5 Prognosis features of RA?
• Variable clinical course • Disease fluctuation, flares, remission • Poor prognostic markers ○ High initial disease activity ○ Poor functional capacity at diagnosis ○ High inflammatory markers ESR/CRP ○ Antibodies RF and anti-CCP (seropositive disease) ○ Erosions at baseline x-rays • Increased risk for CVS disease, infections & lymphoma • Reduced life expectancy and quality of life
26
What are 3 SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY (SpA) rheumatic conditions? 3 others?
* Ankylosing spondylitis * Psoriatic arthritis * Reactive arthritis • Arthropathy of inflammatory bowel disease • Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy Juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy
27
Is SpA common?
Yes --> 1-3%
28
SpA can affect people of ny age but primarily __________.
young adults
29
What is a respiratory extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Pleuritis, intrapulmonary nodules, rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis
30
What is a neurological extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Peripheral sensory neuropathy, Entrapment neuropathies, Cervical myelopathy
31
What is an ocular extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Episcleritis/scleritis and sicca symptoms
32
What is a skin extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Subcutaneous nodules. Vasculitis.
33
What is a haematological extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Anaemia, Splenomegaly, Felty’s syndrome
34
What is a cardiovascular extra-articular manifestations of RA?
Pericarditis, myocarditis - death.
35
What are 3 things found in a blood test of RA?
* FBC, e/LFTs, ESR/CRP * Rheumatoid factor (non-specific for RA) * Anti-CCP antibodies (98% specific for RA) * We test both RA factor and anti-CCP. If both present, then worse prognosis.
36
What are 3 things found in imaging of RA?
• X-rays: RA affects wrist & MCP, maybe PIP, never DIP. Erosion at joints, dislocation/subluxation, loss of joint space ○ Baseline hands and feet, other joints if indicated. ○ CXR. • MRI: Early synovitis, early erosion (can't see on X-ray), bone marrow oedema, tenosynovitis. • Ultrasound: Rotator cuff/tendinopathy
37
What are the 5 Prognosis features of RA?
• Variable clinical course • Disease fluctuation, flares, remission • Poor prognostic markers ○ High initial disease activity ○ Poor functional capacity at diagnosis ○ High inflammatory markers ESR/CRP ○ Antibodies RF and anti-CCP (seropositive disease) ○ Erosions at baseline x-rays • Increased risk for CVS disease, infections & lymphoma • Reduced life expectancy and quality of life
38
What is the prevalence of Psoriatic Arthritis before arthritis?
2/3
39
Is SpA common? What is the prevalence/
Yes --> 1-3%
40
SpA can affect people of ny age but primarily __________>
young adults
41
What is SpA?
Progressive chronic conditions with long term complications, musculoskeletal and extra-articular
42
Prognosis depends on the _______ and _____ of SpA.
form; severity
43
Treatment options for SpA have improved but remain _______.
suboptimal
44
What are 9 Clinical Features of SpA?
``` • Inflammatory back pain • Sacroiliitis • Absence of rheumatoid factor (no ACCP) • Associated HLA-B27+ • Asymmetrical peripheral arthritis • Dactilitis/enthesitis - sausage digits, synovitis of multiple joints & tendons. • Skin psoriasis • Eye inflammation (uveitis) Gastrointestinal/genitourinary symptoms ```
45
What is the prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis?
0.5%
46
_____ (males/females) at ___ yrs old are most affected by Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Males; 40 yrs
47
Spondylitis affects the _______ and begins in _______joints
spine; sacroiliac
48
What are 5 Clinical Features of AS?
* Lose lumbar lordosis * Thoracic kyphosis * Fixation due to ossification * Cervical fixed * Hip immobile
49
What are 8 features of inflammatory back pain?
• Worse with rest and inactivity. Different to mechanical pain which gets worse with activity. ○ Differentiation from mechanical back pain is critical. • Morning stiffness improves during the day • Nocturnal pain • Responds to NSAIDs • Onset before age 30 – mostly back to late teenage years • Also affects chest wall and inflammatory peripheral arthritis ○ Enthesitis, dactylitis, large joint monoarthritis ○ Achilles tendinitis, plantar facsciitis, gluteal tendinitis, sausage digits • Extra-articular manifestations e.g. uveitis, lung fibrosis, aortitis • Associated diseases common e.g. IBD and psoriasis
50
What is the prevalence of Psoriatic Arthritis after arthritis?
1/3
51
What are 10 features of Psoriatic Arthritis?
* Pain and stiffness in affected peripheral joints * Polyarticular and monoarticular * Several patterns of joint involvement, very heterogeneous disease * Axial involvement * AS like disease – HLAB27+ * SI joints 10% * 15-30% of psoriasis complicated by psoriatic arthritis * Joint pain, decreased mobility and QoL, increased CVS disease * Psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis ++ debilitating * Therapy improving - remains unsatisfactory
52
What is Psoriatic Arthritis? List 6 characteristics?
* Autoimmune disease * Common inflammatory skin disease 1-3% population * Plaques of thick scaly skin * Decreased transit time of a keratinocyte * Activated immune cells in dermis
53
What is the cause of Reactive Arthritis?
1-6 weeks post infective illness • Infection either enteric or urogenital ○ Salmonella, campylobacter, Chlamydia, streptococcal ○ 80% reactive arthritis are chlamydia related
54
Reactive Arthritis affects ___ (males/females) at ____ years old.
male; 2-40yrs old
55
What are 3 features of reactive arthritis?
• Most often monoarthritis, large joints and enthesitis is common • Self-limiting, reoccurring and chronic arthritis ○ Rule of thirs: 1/3 of time do nothing and it will go away. 1/3 time it will recur. 1/3 time it will stay. • Initial manifestation of other SpA
56
What are 4 features of Overlap CTD syndromes?
* Combines features of RA, SLE, Scleroderma, Polymyositis and other CTDs * Skin changes, arthritis, myalgia, pleurisy, renal, pulmonary involvement and MORE * Auto antibodies assist in diagnosis * Small number of patients and diverse diseases therefore treatment is individual
57
What does Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Associated Arthritis affect?
Inflammatory peripheral arthritis and sacroilitis/ spondylitis
58
Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Associated Arthritis is different to bowel disease however treatments may __________.
overlap
59
Interestingly up to 2/3 of patients with SpA have subclinical inflammatory lesions of the __________.
bowel
60
What is Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy?
Patients who do not meet established criteria for other SpA
61
What are the 2 subtypes of Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy?
○ Axial | ○ Peripheral
62
_______ is associated with Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy.
HLA-B27+
63
What are the 3 features of Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy?
* May have features of all SpA and associated diseases * May develop into another recognised form of SpA * Non-radiographic SpA (AS-like disease pre changes on plain films with or without MRI changes)
64
What are Connective Tissue Diseases (CTD)?
Group of diseases mediated by an immune response to an auto-antigen
65
__________ are diagnosed on grounds of specific clinical and laboratory findings
Connective Tissue Diseases (CTD)
66
Connective Tissue Diseases (CTD) share many clinical features but are very diverse in presentation, course and ____________.
prognosis • Commonly an inflammatory arthropathy is present
67
What is the prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
20-50/100000
68
What are 3 features of limited scleroderma?
``` • Cutaneous manifestations that mainly affect the hands, arms and face • Previously called CREST syndrome ○ Calcinosis ○ Raynaud’s phenomenon ○ Oesophageal dysfunction ○ Sclerodactyly ○ Telangiectasia • Pulmonary arterial hypertension may occur in up to 1/3 ```
69
What does Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) affect?
Affects multiple organs through antibody-immune complex formation
70
What are 2 concerning symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
butterfly rash | kidney symptoms
71
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) flares with periods of _____. This is _____ (common/uncommon).
remission; common
72
What is treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) determined by?
Treatment determined by nature and severity of organ involvement
73
What is Scleroderma?
Systemic Sclerosis
74
Is Scleroderma common?
No (1/100000)
75
Scleroderma's severity _____ considerably.
varies
76
What is Scleroderma characterised by?
fibrosis or hardening of the skin, vascular alterations and auto antibodies ○ Joints are fixed by the fibrosis of skin. Could get arthritis under scleroderma.
77
What are the 2 major forms of scleroderma?
Limited | Diffused
78
What are the 3 acute presentation of Gout?
joint pain, swelling, redness
79
What are 2 features of Viral - Post Infectious Arthritis?
• Arthralgia is usually self-limited, symmetrical and in peripheral small joints Non-specific joint & muscle pain, maybe signs of arthritis - maybe viral.
80
What are 9 infectious agents which cause Viral - Post Infectious Arthritis?
``` ○ Parvovirus ○ Hepatitis A,B,C ○ Rubella ○ HIV ○ EBV ○ CMV ○ Varicella Zoster ○ Ross River, West Nile ○ Dengue… ```
81
How prevalent is Crystal Arthropathy (Gout)?
5-8%
82
Crystal Arthropathy (Gout) most commonly affects _____ (males/females)between _____ yrs old. There is an increased prevalence is ____ ethnicities.
males; 40-60; south Polynesians
83
Crystal Arthropathy (Gout) is associated with ______syndrome
metabolic
84
What are 3 features of Crystal Arthropathy (Gout)?
* Acute, palindromic or chronic tophaceous * Classically first MTP joint * Other joints – ankles/knees/wrists/polyarticular
85
What is Gout?
High uric acid in blood, crystals precipitated in joints - inflammation, real painful. most common place of gout is 1st MTP. Comes on within hours.
86
What is Pseudogout?
Calcium Pyrophosphate crystals with chronic OA
87
What are the 3 acute presentation of Gout?
joint pain, swelling, redness
88
________ of joint for detection of crystals (diagnosis) and to rule out infection is the gold standard EXAM QUESTION
Aspiration
89
Why is fast detection key for Gout?
Infection can destroy joint in 24 hours.
90
___________ is associated with low grade arthritis
Inflammatory Myopathy
91
What is Systemic Vasculitis?
Inflammation of the blood vessels
92
Systemic Vasculitis leads to end organ damage through _____ and _____ due to vessel occlusion
infarction; haemorrhage
93
Systemic Vasculitis varies from limited cutaneous to _____ life and organ threatening
catastrophic
94
Systemic Vasculitis is characterised by the ________ of the _____ involved
size; vessels
95
What is systemic vasculitis caused by?
Inflammatory arthritis at any stage associated to the systemic illness
96
What are 4 features of septic arthritis?
• Monoarticular (80%) presentation • Knee and Hip most common joints • Painful effusion (1-2 days), erythema, warmth, decreased ROM CRP/ESR and WCC elevated
97
What are 4 risk factors of septic arthritis?
Age, Diabetes, Immunosuppression, Joint surgery
98
What are 3 organisms associated with septic arthritis?
Staph/Strep, Gonorrhoea, Gram negatives
99
What are 2 important management techniques for septic arthritis?
○ Diagnosis via aspiration!!! | Urgent orthopaedic review and washout and antibiotics
100
What is OA?
Disease of complex aetiology that results in loss of normal function of a joint due to breakdown of articular cartilage
101
What are 5 factors that affect OA?
``` ○ Joint integrity ○ Genetics ○ Local inflammation ○ Mechanical forces Cellular and biochemical processes ```
102
_______is the most commonly diagnosed musculoskeletal condition
OA
103
OA symptoms are uncommon before ____ and significantly ____ (increase/decrease) with age
40; increase
104
>_____% of >_____ yrs have OA symptoms.
50; 65
105
What are the 2 features of OA?
``` • Focal areas of cartilage loss in joints • Accompanied by joint remodelling ○ Subchondral bone changes ○ Osteophyte formation Joint capsule thickening ```
106
• Articular cartilage failure • Interactive degradation and repair processes of cartilage, bone and synovium • Chondrocytes probably most important cell involved ○ Abnormal metabolism: Increased synthesis, proliferation and activity Initiation of OA involves abnormalities in the biomechanical forces and/or the cartilage. Once begun the pathway leading to OA involves many other factors • Mechanotransduction • Proteases, protease inhibitors and cytokines affecting cartilage degradation and repair • Contribution from multiple risk factors
ADDDD
107
What are 9 Risk Factors of OA?
* Age and gender F>M * Obesity * Genetics * Musculoskeletal injury * Joint Instability/laxity/muscle weakness * Abnormal joint shape/malalignment * Repetitive physical stress (occupational) * Hormonal influences - women? * Other joint or bone processes
108
What are the 2 ways that OA is divided by?
Idiopathic Osteoarthritis | Secondary Osteoarthritis
109
What are 2 features of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis?
○ Localised | Generalised (≥3 joint sites)
110
What are 5 features of Secondary Osteoarthritis?
○ Result of a specific condition or event ○ Trauma ○ Congenital or developmental disorders ○ Joint or bone diseases e.g. Osteonecrosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout, Septic arthritis, Paget’s disease, CPPD ○ Other diseases e.g. Diabetes, Acromegaly, Hypothyroidism, Neuropathy, Haemachromatosis, Wilson’s disease
111
What are the 2 signs of OA in the hand?
• Heberden’s (DIPs) and Bouchard’s nodes (PIPs) | 1st CMC joint – ‘squaring of hands’
112
What are 6 diagnostic features of knee OA?
``` Knee pain + ≥3/6 features 1. >50 yo 2. Am stiffness <30minutes 3. Crepitus on active motion of the knee 4. Bony tenderness 5. Bony enlargement No palpable warmth ```
113
What are 4 diagnostic features of hand OA?
Hand pain + ≥3/4 features 1. Hand tissue enlargement of 2 or more joints of 10 selected joints ○ Selected joints: 2nd & 3rd DIPJs, 2nd & 3rd PIPJs and 1st CMC both hands. Never MCP. 2. Hand tissue enlargement of 2 or more DIPJs 3. <3 swollen MCPs 4. Deformity of ≥1/10 selected joints
114
What are 3 diagnostic features of hip OA?
Hip pain + ≥2/3 features 1. ESR <20mm/h 2. Radiographic osteophytes (X-ray) 3. Joint space narrowing on radiography
115
What is the prognosis for knee OA?
Older age strongest risk factor for progression
116
What is the prognosis of hand OA?
Higher BMI and polyarticular arthritis predicts x-ray progression
117
What is the prognosis of hip OA?
Progression to total hip replacement includes female gender, night pain, lower baseline functional capacity
118
What are the 8 symptoms of OA?
• Pain worse with activity & resolves with rest ○ Increased at the end of the day, after activity • ROM elicits pain • Crepitus • <20 minutes morning stiffness • Gelling phenomenon • No systemic features • Consider age • Remember often OA is concomitant with inflammatory arthritis
119
What are 6 signs of OA?
* Tenderness of involved joint * No evidence of inflammation * Crepitus * Bony enlargement (osteophytes) * Decreased ROM * Joint malalignment/subluxation/deformity * Characteristics of specific joint involvement
120
What is the sign of OA in the feet?
• 1st MTP – hallux valgus or rigidis
121
What is the sign of OA in the knees?
• Osteophytes, effusions, crepitus, limited ROM, malalignment (genu varum or valgus), Baker’s cysts, patellofemoral discomfort
122
What are the 2 signs of OA in the hips?
• Limited ROM | Not usually discreet tenderness
123
What is the sign of OA in the spine ?
• Limited ROM
124
What is the sign of OA in the shoulders?
* Limited ROM | * Osteophytes
125
What is the gold standard for OA diagnosis?
x ray
126
What are 7 benefits of x ray for OA diagnosis?
``` ○ Joint space narrowing ○ Subchondral bone sclerosis ○ Marginal osteophyte formation ○ Subchondral bone cysts ○ Insensitive with early disease ○ Correlates poorly with symptoms ○ Clinical relevance varies by joint ```
127
What are 3 benefits of MRI for OA diagnosis?
○ Inflammatory symptoms ○ Instability requiring investigation ○ Probs don't need MRI.
128
When is MRi used over x ray?
Diagnostic role when other features are present
129
What are the 3 features of prognosis of OA?
* Variable * Slowly progressive * Differs by joint
130
Articular cartilage is ______ (a)neural and _____ (a)vascular.
aneural; avascular
131
What are 3 Intra-articular sources of pain in OA?
Periostial , osteophyte formation
132
What are 5 Periarticular sources of pain in OA?
Inflammation of tendon, fascia, bursae, muscle, nerve
133
What are 2 Psychosocial aspects of OA?
Lower education levels, depression
134
OA uses ____ and _____ management
Pharmacological; non-pharmacological
135
What are the 3 goals of management for OA?
○ Reduce pain ○ Improve function Prevent disabiliy

PHTY2101 EOS (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions