b3 Flashcards
what are antibodies?
antibodies are small proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes)
how do viruses make you ill (3)
- viruses enter and live inside cells
- they reproduce rapidly inside cells
- damage the cell by bursting out of the cell
name the four microorganisms from smallest to largest
- viruses
- bacteria
- protists
- fungi
how do bacteria make you ill? (3)
- bacteria reproduce rapidly inside your body
- they produce toxins
- damage your tissue
name five ways to prevent and reduce spread of diseases
- simple hygiene
- destroying vectors
- barrier methods
- isolation of infected individuals
- vaccination
what are vectors
small organisms that transfer and carry diseases
what is a communicable disease
one that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector
what is a non - communicable disease
medical condition or disease that is non infectious and non-transmissible amongst people
what type of microorganism is involved in the disease measles
virus
what type of microorganism is involved in the disease salmonella
bacteria
what type of microorganism is involved in the disease malaria
protists
what type of microorganism is involved in the disease black rose spot
fungi
what type of microorganism is involved in the disease gonorrhoea
bacteria
what are the symptoms of measles
fever and red skin rash
what are the symptoms of hiv
flu like symptoms
attacks immune cells through lymph nodes
what are the symptoms of tmv
mosaic pattern on discolouration on plants
what are the symptoms of salmonella
fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
thick yellow or green discharge
pain when urinating
what are the symptoms of black rose spot
purple or black spots on leaves and they turn yellow
what are the symptoms of malaria
fever
how could you prevent the spread of measles
cover mouth when coughing
hygiene measures
how could you prevent the spread of hiv
- use of condoms
- not sharing needles
how could you prevent the spread of tmv
destroy all affected plants
how could you prevent the spread of salmonella
vaccinate poultry
how could you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea
barrier methods eg condom
how could you prevent the spread of black rose spot
remove and destroy affected leaves
how could you prevent the spread of malaria
- prevent vectors from breeding
- mosquito nets
what is the suggested treatment for measles
vaccination
what is the suggested treatment for hiv
antiretroviral drugs
what is the suggested treatment for tmv
no cure
what is the suggested treatment for gonorrhoea
antibiotic penicillin
what is the suggested treatment for salmonella
antibiotics
what is the suggested treatment for black rose spot
fungicides
what is the suggested treatment for malaria
antimalarial medication
name the four physical lines of defence
- skin
- trachea and bronchi
- stomach
- nose
how does the skin defend against disease
- physical barrier
- produces antimicrobial secretions
how does the trachea and bronchi defend against disease
- secretes mucus which traps pathogens
- cilia waft mucus to be swallowed
how does the stomach defend against disease
hydrochloric acid kills pathogens
how does the nose defend against disease
hair and mucus traps pathogens
what is a vaccine
- dead or inactive pathogens
- injected into the body
- stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
what does immune mean
to be resistant towards a pathogen so if you are exposed again you won’t get the disease
what type of drug does digitalis produce
heart drug
what plant does aspirin come from
willow
what microorganism does penicillin come from
mould
what was the first antibiotic
penicillin
what is an antigen
substance/ marker that causes an immune response
why does high level of TMV infection reduce growth in a plant
- less chlorophyll
- so less glucose
what causes the symptoms of salmonella
toxins released by bacteria
give two ways a person with mild salmonella can prevent spread to other people
- isolation
- wash hands before preparing food
explain why a person with aids takes longer to recover from an infection
immune system is weakened so white blood cells can not kill bacteria as effectively
give two ways farmers can prevent the transmission of salmonella from chickens to humans
- vaccinate the chickens
- give chickens antibiotics
how can a scientist check if any result is repeatable
repeat to check if results are similar
name two metabolic reactions
formation of lipids, formation of proteins
name the six substances transported in the plasma
- urea
- carbon dioxide
- water
- glucose
- amino acids
- lactic acid
what type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium
vein
3 comparisons of artery structure and vein structure
- artery has narrower lumen
- arteries have a thicker layer of muscle
- arteries do not have valves
what condition may be treated with an artificial pacemaker
an irregular heartbeat
suggest a reason for the reduced number of deaths from malaria each year.
- improved healthcare: new, more or cheaper treatments/ vaccinations
how do the eyes protect against pathogens?
- produce tears
- contains enzymes to kill bacteria
- tears are antiseptic
how is the volume of water lost from leaves controlled?
by guard cells opening and closing the stomata
what does less energy released in respiring cells mean for the muscles of someone exercising?
less efficient muscle contraction
why are a placebo and double blind trial used in drug testing?
- to avoid patients thinking they feel better with the drug
- to avoid biases
- as a control for comparison
how would monoclonal antibodies work to treat pancreatic cancer? (3)
- monoclonal antibody is attached to drug/ chemical
- monoclonal antibody will only attach to target antigen on the
- so drug/ chemical will bind to cancer cells and stop them dividing
