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b3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are antibodies?

A

antibodies are small proteins produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes)

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2
Q

how do viruses make you ill (3)

A
  1. viruses enter and live inside cells
  2. they reproduce rapidly inside cells
  3. damage the cell by bursting out of the cell
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3
Q

name the four microorganisms from smallest to largest

A
  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. protists
  4. fungi
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4
Q

how do bacteria make you ill? (3)

A
  1. bacteria reproduce rapidly inside your body
  2. they produce toxins
  3. damage your tissue
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5
Q

name five ways to prevent and reduce spread of diseases

A
  1. simple hygiene
  2. destroying vectors
  3. barrier methods
  4. isolation of infected individuals
  5. vaccination
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6
Q

what are vectors

A

small organisms that transfer and carry diseases

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7
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

one that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector

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8
Q

what is a non - communicable disease

A

medical condition or disease that is non infectious and non-transmissible amongst people

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9
Q

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease measles

A

virus

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10
Q

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease salmonella

A

bacteria

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11
Q

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease malaria

A

protists

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12
Q

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease black rose spot

A

fungi

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13
Q

what type of microorganism is involved in the disease gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

fever and red skin rash

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of hiv

A

flu like symptoms
attacks immune cells through lymph nodes

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of tmv

A

mosaic pattern on discolouration on plants

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

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18
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow or green discharge
pain when urinating

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19
Q

what are the symptoms of black rose spot

A

purple or black spots on leaves and they turn yellow

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A

fever

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21
Q

how could you prevent the spread of measles

A

cover mouth when coughing
hygiene measures

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22
Q

how could you prevent the spread of hiv

A
  • use of condoms
  • not sharing needles
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23
Q

how could you prevent the spread of tmv

A

destroy all affected plants

24
Q

how could you prevent the spread of salmonella

A

vaccinate poultry

25
Q

how could you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

A

barrier methods eg condom

26
Q

how could you prevent the spread of black rose spot

A

remove and destroy affected leaves

27
Q

how could you prevent the spread of malaria

A
  • prevent vectors from breeding
  • mosquito nets
28
Q

what is the suggested treatment for measles

A

vaccination

29
Q

what is the suggested treatment for hiv

A

antiretroviral drugs

30
Q

what is the suggested treatment for tmv

A

no cure

31
Q

what is the suggested treatment for gonorrhoea

A

antibiotic penicillin

32
Q

what is the suggested treatment for salmonella

A

antibiotics

33
Q

what is the suggested treatment for black rose spot

A

fungicides

34
Q

what is the suggested treatment for malaria

A

antimalarial medication

35
Q

name the four physical lines of defence

A
  1. skin
  2. trachea and bronchi
  3. stomach
  4. nose
36
Q

how does the skin defend against disease

A
  • physical barrier
  • produces antimicrobial secretions
37
Q

how does the trachea and bronchi defend against disease

A
  • secretes mucus which traps pathogens
  • cilia waft mucus to be swallowed
38
Q

how does the stomach defend against disease

A

hydrochloric acid kills pathogens

39
Q

how does the nose defend against disease

A

hair and mucus traps pathogens

40
Q

what is a vaccine

A
  • dead or inactive pathogens
  • injected into the body
  • stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
41
Q

what does immune mean

A

to be resistant towards a pathogen so if you are exposed again you won’t get the disease

42
Q

what type of drug does digitalis produce

A

heart drug

43
Q

what plant does aspirin come from

A

willow

44
Q

what microorganism does penicillin come from

A

mould

45
Q

what was the first antibiotic

A

penicillin

46
Q

what is an antigen

A

substance/ marker that causes an immune response

47
Q

why does high level of TMV infection reduce growth in a plant

A
  • less chlorophyll
  • so less glucose
48
Q

what causes the symptoms of salmonella

A

toxins released by bacteria

49
Q

give two ways a person with mild salmonella can prevent spread to other people

A
  1. isolation
  2. wash hands before preparing food
50
Q

explain why a person with aids takes longer to recover from an infection

A

immune system is weakened so white blood cells can not kill bacteria as effectively

51
Q

give two ways farmers can prevent the transmission of salmonella from chickens to humans

A
  1. vaccinate the chickens
  2. give chickens antibiotics
52
Q

how can a scientist check if any result is repeatable

A

repeat to check if results are similar

53
Q

name two metabolic reactions

A

formation of lipids, formation of proteins

54
Q

name the six substances transported in the plasma

A
  1. urea
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. water
  4. glucose
  5. amino acids
  6. lactic acid
55
Q

what type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium

A

vein

56
Q

3 comparisons of artery structure and vein structure

A
  1. artery has narrower lumen
  2. arteries have a thicker layer of muscle
  3. arteries do not have valves
57
Q

what condition may be treated with an artificial pacemaker

A

an irregular heartbeat

science (13 decks)

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