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b2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name all organs that food passes directly through

A

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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2
Q

name the organs which help food digest but food doesn’t pass through them

A

liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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3
Q

where do the nutrients go in order to travel around the body to the cells

A

the bloodstream

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4
Q

in which organ do do nutrients absorb into the bloodstream

A

intestines

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5
Q

how does the stomach digest food?

A

contains hydrochloric acid and bacteria for chemical break down. the muscles in the stomach use mechanical churning

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6
Q

how does the oesophagus digest food?

A

peristalsis is when the oesophagus contracts and relaxes to push food down the stomach

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7
Q

how does the small intestine digest food?

A

enzymes break down the carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the food. these enzymes break down the insoluble food into soluble substances which are absorbed into the bloodstream in the villi

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8
Q

how do the rectum and anus help digestion

A

faeces is stored here until it’s ready to be pushed out

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9
Q

how does the large intestine digest food

A

it helps with the absorption of water

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10
Q

what is bile

A

bile is an alkaline substance that neutralises the acid and makes the conditions alkaline so enzymes in the small intestine can work better

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11
Q

which side of the heart does deoxygenated blood travel through?

A

right

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12
Q

which side of the heart does oxygenated blood travel through?

A

left

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13
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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14
Q

where does deoxygenated blood travel

A

deoxygenated blood travels
- through vena cava to right atrium
- through valves to right ventricle
- through valves to pulmonary artery
- to the lungs

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15
Q

where does oxygenated blood travel?

A

oxygenated blood travels
- from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
- into left atrium
- through valves to left ventricle
- through valves to aorta
- to the body

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16
Q

what is the function of the valves?

A

valves prevent the back flow of blood

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17
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

arteries carry blood at high pressure away from the heart towards organs

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18
Q

what is the function of the veins?

A

veins carry blood at lower pressure back towards the heart

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19
Q

what is the function of the capillary?

A

capillaries provide exchange of materials (oxygen/carbon dioxide) from cells

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20
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A
  • thick walls
  • strong elastic fibres
  • narrow lumen
  • no valves
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21
Q

describe the structure of the veins

A
  • thinner walls
  • wide lumen
  • valves
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22
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A
  • very small
  • permeable walls
  • one cell thick walls
  • very narrow lumen
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23
Q

why are capillary walls one cell thick

A

increase diffusion rate
(exchange of materials)

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24
Q

how is oxygen transported around the body?

A
  • in the lungs oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • red blood cells transport it around body
  • oxyhaemoglobin spilts up so oxygen can be released into cells for respiration
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25
Q

name the function and adaptations of red blood cells

A

red blood cells transport oxygen around the body

  • biconcave shape to increase surface area to carry more oxygen
  • no nucleus : more space
  • lots of haemoglobin : carry oxygen
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26
Q

what is the pigment found in the red blood cell

A

haemoglobin

27
Q

what are platelets

A

platelets are small fragments of cells

28
Q

do platelets have a nucleus

A

no

29
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

to cause scabbing to clot the blood and stop the wound from getting infected

30
Q

what would happen without platelets if you got cut

A

excessive bleeding

31
Q

list the 6 biological materials that plasma carries

A
  1. red and white blood cells
  2. urea
  3. hormones
  4. nutrients ( glucose and amino acids )
  5. antibodies and antitoxins
  6. carbon dioxide
32
Q

what does coronary heart disease affect?

A

coronary heart disease affects the arteries that supply blood to the heart

33
Q

name three treatments for coronary heart disease

A
  1. stents
  2. statins
  3. artificial hearts
34
Q

how are stents used to treat coronary heart disease

A

wire mesh tube inserted into (coronary) arteries.
keeps artery open so blood can flow through

35
Q

what are the advantages of the use of stents to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • lowers the risk of heart attacks
  • quick recovery time from surgery
36
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of stents to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • risk of complications during the surgery
  • risk of blood clot near stent (thrombosis)
37
Q

how are statins used to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • drugs used to reduce the amount of bad cholesterol in bloodstream
  • slows down the rate of fatty deposits so keeps blood flowing
38
Q

what are the advantages of the use of statins to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • can reduce the risk of strokes
  • can reduce the risk of heart disease
39
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of statins to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • patients may forget to take them
  • negative side effects (like headaches)
  • takes time to work
40
Q

how are artificial hearts used to treat coronary heart disease

A

mechanical device that pumps blood for someone whose heart has failed or can’t get a donor

41
Q

what are the advantages of the use of artificial hearts to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • less likely to be rejected by the body than a human heart
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of the use of artificial hearts to treat coronary heart disease

A
  • surgery complications
  • parts could wear out
  • can be blood clots or strokes as blood doesn’t flow as smoothly
43
Q

why are replacement heart valves used

A

needed if valves are weakened by infection or old age

44
Q

what is a disadvantage of replacement heart valves

A

can lead to blood clots

45
Q

how can lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing coronary heart disease (6)

A

poor diet and lack of exercise
leads to high blood pressure which increases cholesterol and fatty deposits
smoking > high blood pressure
genetic factors

46
Q

what causes cancer

A

cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division resulting in the formation of a tumour

47
Q

what are the two types of tumours

A

benign and malignant

48
Q

describe benign tumours

A
  • tumours grow until there is no room
  • stays in one place (usually within a membrane)
  • doesn’t invade other tissues
  • not dangerous/cancerous
49
Q

describe malignant tumours
(5 points )

A
  • tumour grows
  • spreads to neighbouring tissues
  • cells spread via bloodstream
  • invade healthy tissue to form secondary tumours
  • dangerous and cancerous
50
Q

name four cancer risk factors

A
  1. smoking
  2. obesity
  3. UV exposure
  4. viral infections
51
Q

how do you test for sugars

A
  • add benedict’s solution
  • boil
  • if glucose is present, colour changes to yellow/ green/ orange/ brick red
52
Q

explain how amylase breaks down starch

A
  • starch / substrate binds to active site
  • because shape of active site and substrate are complementary
  • chemical reaction occurs for produce sugars
53
Q

how do you test milk for sugars

A

add benedict’s reagent to milk and boil, solution will turn from blue to brick red if positive.

54
Q

how do you test milk for proteins

A

add biurets solution to milk and if protein is present it will go from blue to lilac

55
Q

why would the ph of fat decrease when lipase is added

A

lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol and fatty acids lower the pH

56
Q

what does bile do to fats

A

bile emulsifies fats and increases the surface area so lipase can break it down quicker.

57
Q

why is the heart known as a double pump?

A

blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart and blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart

58
Q

what is the blood vessel that supplies the heart with glucose and oxygen ?

A

coronary artery

59
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right side?

A

the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body so a higher pressure is needed. thicker muscle allows stronger contractions so more muscle

60
Q

describe the process of inhalation

A

the ribcage moves upwards and outwards.

the diaphragm moves downwards to increase the volume in the lungs.

this decreases pressure in the lungs

the atmospheric pressure is higher than the lungs so air moves in

61
Q

describe the process of exhalation

A

the ribcage moves down and inwards.

the diaphragm moves upwards to decrease the volume in the lungs

this increases pressure in the lungs

the atmospheric pressure is lower than in the lungs so air moves out

62
Q

what is the effect of the phloem being damaged?

A

less sugars are transported to parts of the plant which means that less glucose is available for respiration to release energy for growth

63
Q

what is the effect of the xylem being damaged?

A
  • less absorption of water which is needed for photosynthesis so less glucose produced so less respiration takes place to release energy
  • less cellulose is produced which is needed for cell walls to provide strength and support.
  • less absorption of mineral ions such as nitrate ions means less proteins are made for growth

science (13 decks)

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