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b1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what organelle is the outmost of the cell?

A

cell wall

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2
Q

what’s the function of the nucleus?

A

contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell

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3
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

what’s the function of the cytoplasm?

A

a gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen. contains enzymes that control these reactions

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5
Q

what’s the function of the mitochondria?

A

where most of the reactions for respiration take place.

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6
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in the cell
(protein synthesis)

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7
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

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8
Q

what’s the function of the cell wall

A

a rigid structure made of cellulose. supports and strengthens the cell. algae cells (e.g seaweed) also have this.

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9
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts

A

where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant. contains green substance called chlorophyll

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10
Q

what is a specialised cell

A

a specialised cell has structural adaptations that help it to o carry out a specific function

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11
Q

what is magnification?

A

the number of times bigger the image size is compared to the real size.

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12
Q

what is resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between two points i.e how detailed the image is.

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13
Q

which organelles are only in plant cells.

A

chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall

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14
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

image size / actual size

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15
Q

how do you calculate image size

A

magnification x actual size

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16
Q

how do you calculate actual size?

A

image size/ magnification

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17
Q

functions and adaptations of a muscle cell

A

function is to contract and relax to allow movement
adaptation is many mitochondria to provide energy for it

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18
Q

functions and adaptations of a nerve cell

A

function is to send electrical impulses to coordinate responses in the nervous system
adaptations- large surface area to receive impulses

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19
Q

function and adaptation of root hair cell

A

function- absorb water and minerals from soil
adaptation- long extension provides large surface area to increase the rate of absorption. thin cell wall for a shorter distance for water absorption
lots of mitochondria

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20
Q

function and adaptation of xylem cell

A

function - transports water and mineral ions from root upwards
adaptation - walls are thickened which chemical called lignin which provides strength and support

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21
Q

function and adaptation of phloem cell

A

function - transports amino acid es and food substances such as glucose uo and down the cell
adaptation - has sieve plates at end walls so cytoplasm connects between cells and living cells

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22
Q

function and adaptations of sperm cell

A

function- carry paternal genetic information
adaptations - large nucleus to store dna
an acrosome in the head- contains digestive enzymes to break down egg to reach nucleus. tail to swim. mitochondria in the neck for energy to swim

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23
Q

what’s the magnification of an electron microscope

A

x500,000

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24
Q

what’s the magnification of a light microscope

A

x2000

25
Q

what’s the resolution of an electron microscope?

A

0.2 nm

26
Q

what’s the resolution of a light microscope

A

200 nm

27
Q

what’s the size of an electron microscope in comparison to a light microscope

A

a light microscope is portable
electron is large and fixed

28
Q

what microscope can you view dead only with

A

electron

29
Q

how do you calculate total magnification

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens
( the objective lens is usually ten and the eyepiece lens changes)

30
Q

why is it important to use forceps gently when placing down the specimen

A

to prevent air bubbles and fingerprints

31
Q

on a light microscope, what do you place your specimen on

A

the stage

32
Q

what is beneath the stage on a light microscope?

A

the light source

33
Q

which knob on a light microscope is larger: coarse focus of fine focus?

A

coarse focus

34
Q

steps for using the light microscope
(six steps)

A
  1. turn to the lowest objective lens and place specimen slide on stage and secure with stage clips.
  2. adjust light source so it passes through the slide
  3. move stage as close to lens as possible, slide must not touch lens
  4. look through eyepiece and focus using the coarse focus first so slide moves away from the lens
  5. use fine focus to make it clearer
  6. select eyepiece lens and objective lens to reach your total (multiply them together)
  7. refocus slide using focussing knob
35
Q

name two prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

36
Q

give a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic has plasmid

37
Q

what is an isotope? (chemistry)

A

an isotope is a different form of the same element that contains equal proton numbers but different neutron numbers

38
Q

which microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria?

A

electron

39
Q

how are the lungs adapted for efficient exchange of gases?

A

many alveoli - large surface area
thin capillaries- shorter diffusion path
good blood supply - maintain a concentration gradient
well ventilated - bring in fresh oxygen

40
Q

name the chemical which genetic material is made from

A

DNA

41
Q

explain how a transplant of bone marrow cells can help to treat medical conditions

A

bone marrow cells can give rise to other types of cells through differentiation so will cure diseases where new cells are needed

42
Q

how is the structure of an artery related to its function

A

thicker muscle walls to push blood around the body

43
Q

how does haemoglobin and a lack of nucleus help a red blood cell

A

no nucleus - more space for oxygen

haemoglobin - transport oxygen around the body

44
Q

question one on b1 pack ( osmosis )

A

for tube 1 , it expands and gains water because the concentration of water is less than its surroundings

for tube 2, it gets floppy as it loses water because the concentration of water is greater than its surroundings

45
Q

the rate that nitrate ions are absorbed by roots increases when oxygen is added. how does this show how nitrate ions are absorbed?

A

more nitrate ions are absorbed in the presence of oxygen which suggests they are absorbed by active transport which requires energy from respiration. some nitrate ions are absorbed by diffusion

46
Q

what is the chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

47
Q

cell wall function

A

supports the cell
keeps the shape
keeps it rigid

48
Q

vacuole function

A

acts as a reservoir for water

49
Q

explain why sexual reproduction could lead to a new variety of plant

A

fertilisation occurs so leading to the mixing of genetic information and one copy of each gene from each parent can cause variation

50
Q

what’s the difference between a red blood cell and a plant cell

A

red blood cell has no nucleus, no cell wall, no chloroplast no chlorophyll, no vacuole. red blood cell has haemoglobin and is much smaller then plant cell.

both have cell membrane, cytoplasm and pigments (different pigments)

51
Q

a red blood cell and a plant cell are placed in water. the red blood cell swells and bursts. why

A

water enters the cell by osmosis

the plant cell has a cell wall which prevents it from bursting. red blood cell has no cell wall so it swells and bursts

52
Q

a student investigates bacteria in petri dishes how could they improve the experiment

A

repeat and eliminate anomalies
repeat and calculate a mean
use different types of bacteria

53
Q

name two similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm
membrane

54
Q

name three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are smaller and have plasmids has no nucleus

55
Q

explain the 3 stages of mitosis

A

STAGE ONE : dna replicates. sub-cellular structures increase in number.
STAGE TWO : one of each chromosome is pulled to each end of the cell
STAGE THREE: the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two genetically identical daughter cells

56
Q

how many micrometers in a millimetre

A

1000

57
Q

how many micrometers in a mm

A

1000

58
Q

why would bar graphs be drawn instead of line graphs

A

if data is categoric

science (12 decks)

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