B2.5 Enzymes Flashcards
What are proteins made up of?
Long chains of amino acids
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that are proteins
If their shape is changed, they may not work anymore
Why do proteins have so many different qualities?
Each protein is made up of hundreds of thousands of amino acids joined together in different sequences
This gives them all different properties
What are examples of the different jobs of proteins in the body?
- Hormones
- Antibodies
- Structuring
- Enzymes
What is special about the complex shapes of enzymes?
They allow other molecules to fit into them
What is the name of molecules entering a protein?
Substrate molecules
What is the name of the area where substrate molecules enter the enzyme?
The active site
What factors can denature an enzyme?
- High temperatures
- Extreme PHs
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?
Around 37 degrees celcius
/
Whichever temp the activity is greatest
What is the optimum PH for intestinal enzymes?
Around 7.5
What is the optimum PH for stomach enzymes?
Around 2
What does amylase break down?
Starch into sugars
Which enzyme breaks proteins into amino acids?
Protease
What reaction does lipase act as a catlyst for?
Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Where is amylase produced?
- Salivary glands
- pancreas
- Small intestine
(It mostly works in the mouth)
Where is protease produced?
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
(mostly works in stomach and small intestine)
Where is lipase produced?
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
(mostly works in small intestine)
What acid helps digestion in the stomach, particularly by killing harmful organisms and works best at a low PH
Hydrochloric acid
What substance is responcible for neutralising the acidic stomach conditions so the small intestine can work best in alkaline conditions?
Bile
How is protease used in the industry?
To predigest proteins in baby foods
How are protease and lipase used commercially?
In biological detergents to break down stains into water soluble marks so the wash can be at a lower temperature
What enzyme is used to convert cheap starch syrup into valuable sugar syrup?
EG for sports drinks?
Carbohydrase
What enzyme is benficial in slimming foods as it converts glucose syrup into fructose syrup which is sweeter so less can be used?
Isomerase
What monomers are proteins made up of?
Amino acids
