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BIOLOGY > B1 Past Paper Questions > Flashcards

B1 Past Paper Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why washing hands between treating patients would reduce the death rate?

A

Doctors do not transfer pathogens / bacteria / viruses between patients

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2
Q

Will greater biomass be passed to the human in food chain

a) plant -> chicken -> cow -> human
b) plant -> human

A

Food chain B
Because there are less trophic levels and more biomass is conserved
Less is lost due to respiration / faeces

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3
Q

Describe how animals and plants are adapted to survive in dry environments

A

Camels

  • Low surface area to retain water
  • Thin nostrils and eyelids to block out sand
  • Low levels of water in urine and persperation

Cacti

  • Spikes to warn prey
  • Wide roots to source water from all around
  • Fleshy / thick stem to store water
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4
Q

Describe how plants and animals are adapted to survive in cold environments

A

Polar bear

  • White appearance to camouflage from prey
  • Thick fat and fur for insulation
  • Small surface area to volume to minimise heat loss
  • Large furry feet to grip ice

Plants

  • Grow close to ground to avoid wind damage
  • Small leaves to minimise water loss
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5
Q

How does the decaying process help to keep plants warm?

A

Microorganisms respire and release heat energy

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6
Q

Why does ventilation optimise decay?

A

It allows oxygen for aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Apart from measles, what two other diseases does an MMR vaccine protect the body against?

A

MUMPS and RUBELLA

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8
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

A dead or inactive form of the pathogen / virus / bacteria

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9
Q

Explain how a vaccine prevents infection

A
  • White blood cells produce antibodies
  • These antibodies can then be produced rapidly on reinfection
  • The antibodies kill the pathogens
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10
Q

Why can antibiotics NOT be used to treat measles?

A

Antibiotics don’t kill viruses as the viruses invade healthy cells rather than are the bad cells in the first place

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11
Q

Why is it important to restrict and not overuse antibiotics?

A

The bacteria and pathogens can become resistant to the antibiotic

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12
Q

How do pathogens become resistant to antibiotics?

A

When a full cycle of antibiotics is not completed, mutant antibiotic resistant pathogens can remain. These then reproduce and survive, creating a full strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria
eg
MRSA

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13
Q

What type of neurone receives signals from a relay neurone?

A

stoRM

Motor neuron

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14
Q

Describe how information is passed through a synapse

A
  • A chemical is released
  • The chemical crosses the gap / junction
  • The chemical attaches to the next neurone
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15
Q

What was thalidomide originally made to treat?

A

Poor sleeping / sleeping pill

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16
Q

What was one harmful effect of thalidomide?

A

Growth defects in babies

17
Q

Why had the harmful effects of thalidomide not been picked up on in clinical trials?

A

The drug was not tested on pregnant women, but it was on pregnant animals

18
Q

What happens to the body to make someone dependent on a drug?

A

The body develops receptors / changes its chemical processes

19
Q

What needs to be considered when changing the classification of a drug?

A
  • Harmful
  • Addictive
  • Effect on health
  • Side effects
20
Q

Using Darwin’s theory of evolution, how did an elephants trunk evolve?

A
  • Mutation / variation in population meant some elephants have longer trunks than others
  • The longer trunked elephants are able to get more food and survive
  • These survivors breed and pass on their genetics
21
Q

Using Lamarck’s theory of evolution, how did an elephants trunk evolve?

A

An elephant ancestor’s trunk grew throughout it’s lifetime in order to reach higher branches
The ancestor passes on it’s trait to its offspring

22
Q

When Lamarck and Darwin’s theorys of evolution were published, why could people not choose between them?

A
  • Insufficient evidence to concretely prove either one

- Passing on genes / inheritance would not be discovered for another 50 years

23
Q

How can a gene be transferred between plants?

A
  • A gene is removed from a section of DNA using enzymes
  • The gene is spliced into the chromosome of the other plant
  • The gene is added at an early stage in the development of the other plant
24
Q

What are the advantages of growing GM plants?

A
  • Less effort for farmer
  • Pesticide doesn’t wash away
  • Less insects eat the crop
  • Greater crop yield
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of GM plants?

A
  • Toxins can kill beneficial insects
  • Some crops may not get pollinated
  • Potential for harm when eaten by animals / humans
  • Damage to food chains
  • Gene could pass to other animals

BIOLOGY (22 decks)

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