B1.1 Keeping Healthy

Question 1

What is an epidemic?

Answer 1

A disease affecting many people in a country/area

Question 2

Which spreads quicker, Bird flu or Swine Flu?

Answer 2

Bird flu

Question 3

Why does bird flu spread quicker than swine flu?

Answer 3

There are more birds than pigs and as birds migrate all over the world it is harder to control their movement.

Question 4

Why will antibiotics not get rid of the flu?

Answer 4

Antibiotics kill bacteria not viruses, and flu is a virus

Question 5

Do antibiotics kill viruses or bacteria?

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Why should a diet contain fats, protein and carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Fats are needed for energy and insulation
Carbohydrates are needed for energy
Protein is needed for growth (building cells) and repair.

Question 7

Why does the body need vitamins and minerals?

Answer 7

To maintain health and prevent deficiency such as scurvy, rickets and osteoporosis

Question 8

Why do pathogens make you feel ill?

Answer 8

Pathogens reproduce quickly and produces large amounts of toxins that damage cells.

Bacteria produce toxins, viruses damage cells.

Question 9

Name 3 ways white blood cells protect against pathogens…

Answer 9

1. White blood cells produce antibodies that destroy pathogens
2. White blood cells engulf (ingest and digest) pathogens
3. They produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins produced by pathogens.

Question 10

Why does a vaccination make people immune?

Answer 10

Injecting a patient with a dead/weakened or inactive pathogen. White blood cells produce antibodies which can then be reproduced quickly if infected again.

Question 11

What is the benefit of vaccinating a large number of people in the same population?

Answer 11

It reduces the risk of spreading an infection so an epidemic is less likely.

Question 12

What does MMR stand for?

Answer 12

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Question 13

Why can’t you use antibiotics against viral diseases?

Answer 13

Viruses are found inside cells and therefore inaccessible to the antibiotic

Question 14

Why are there so many antibiotic resistant bacteria these days?

Answer 14

Overusing antibiotics kills all NON-RESISTANT bacteria. Gene mutation causes bacteria to become RESISTANT to the antibiotic and reproduces until all the bacteria is RESISTANT.

Question 15

What are 3 reasons for the low death rate from infectious diseases in modern hospitals?

Answer 15

Better hygiene
Better drugs
Better understanding of immunity
Sterilisation of equipment
Isolation of infectious patients

Question 16

What is metabolic rate?

Answer 16

The rate of chemical reactions inside the body

Question 17

What are 3 factors that affect a person’s metabolic rate?

Answer 17

How active a person is
Genes
BMI
Age 
Gender

Question 18

What affects the concentration of cholesterol in a person’s blood?

Answer 18

Your diet

Your genes

Question 19

What diseases are linked to obesity?

Answer 19

Arthritis
Diabetes
High Blood Pressure
Heart disease

Question 20

Although in labs the incubation of bacteria is kept at 35c, in schools it is limited 25c, why?

Answer 20

To prevent the growth of pathogens

Question 21

Why are hand gel dispensers found at the entrance of most hospital wards?

Answer 21

It destroys pathogens to prevent the spread of them

Question 22

How do viruses cause illnesses?

Answer 22

They enter a cell and destroy it

Question 23

What are the three main stages of testing a drug before it can be sold to the public?

Answer 23

Testing on tissues or animals-toxicity
Testing on small number of healthy volunteers-side effects
Testing on patients-determine optimum dose and effectiveness

Question 24

Why is it difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses?

Answer 24

VIruses live within cells of the body, so in many cases killing the virus would involve killing the cells themselves- Inaccessible to antibiotics
Viruses mutate quickly

Question 25

Why does MRSA cause problems in hospitals?

Answer 25

MRSA is resistant to antibiotics It is easily spread from one patient to another Patients are often too ill to fight the disease caused by MRSA as well as their original disease.

Question 26

Why is it a bad idea for drug users to share needles?

Answer 26

Because viruses are transferred through bodily fluids, such as blood

Question 27

Why must body temperature be kept within a narrow range?

Answer 27

To maintain homeostasis | -To keep the chemical reactions and enzymes within the body working well

Question 28

What are antibodies?

Answer 28

Proteins produced by white blood cells to kill pathogens

Question 29

What is a pathogen?

Answer 29

A microorganism that can cause disease

Question 30

What is an antigen?

Answer 30

A toxin or foreign substances that induces a reaction from the immune system Found on pathogens

Question 31

What are the two types of white blood cell?

Answer 31

Phagocyte | Lymphocyte

Question 32

Whats the adaptations and role of a phagocyte?

Answer 32

Has a large lobed nucleus Will change shape to perform phagocytosis (engulfing harmful microbes) Will also squirt digesting enzymes on the pathogen to speed up phagocytosis

Question 33

What is the role of a lymphocyte?

Answer 33

Will produce specialised antibodies that either cause pathogens to burst OR bind them together in preparation for phagocytosis Produce antibodies that will bind to antigens and send out singals to phagocytes Release antitoxins that neutralise toxins given off by the pathogen

Question 34

What is the role of your nervous system?

Answer 34

To detect your surroundings and protect you

Question 35

How do vaccines work?

Answer 35

Vaccines work by injecting a dead or weakened form of a pathogen into a patient's body. White blood cells within the body will produce antibodies to combat this specific pathogen. After the pathogen has been destroyed, the white blood cells will remember how to produce the appropriate antibody for that pathogen. This means that if the body is ever reinfected with that particular pathogen, there will be a rapid response of antibodies to attack the pathogen.

Question 36

What is metabolic rate and what affects it?

Answer 36

The rate/ speed of the chemical reactions in your body It can be affected by inherited factors, gender, climate, exercise, diet

Question 37

What are fortified foods?

Answer 37

Often milk and cereal, fortified foods have been intentionally inserted with vitamins

Question 38

Where can you find vitamin A, C, D, Calcium, and Iron?

Answer 38

``` (in order) Carrots Citrus Sunlight / fish Dairy Red meat, green veg ```

Question 39

What are the benefits of fruit and vegetables?

Answer 39

Provide fibre for digestion and vitamins and minerals to maintain health

Question 40

What is the role of carbohydrates?

Answer 40

To provide energy eg starch and glucose

Question 41

What is the role of protein?

Answer 41

Growth and repair of cells

Question 42

Who suggested washing hands in hospitals?

Answer 42

Ignaz SEMMELWEISS

Question 43

Why did few people accept Semmelweiss' ideas?

Answer 43

Pathogens had not been discovered and so people did not know it was the harmful pathogens on the hands that were causing disease

Question 44

How did Semmelweiss come up with the practise of washing hands before entering wards?

Answer 44

In maternity wards, mothers were more likely to survive if treated by nurses and widwives who only worked in that ward Doctors who entered from other wards brought diseases with them