Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY > B1.2 Nerves and Hormones > Flashcards

B1.2 Nerves and Hormones Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central nervous system

-Brain and spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral nervous system

-Linked with CNS by sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are receptors

A

Specialised cells on the surface

-Receive stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Motor
Relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptors to the spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

Sending electrical impulses from the brain to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what order do the neurones go?

A

STORM
Sensory
Relay
Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does a reflex arc involve the brain

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, that is simpler than the other electrical impulses.
Involves a sensory neruone and a motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurones

Neurotransmissions diffuse across them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do synapses work?

A

An electrical impulse travels along an axon
This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release neurotransmitters
These diffuse across the synapse
Bind with receptors on the next neruone
This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse
Repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A receptor is a group of specialised cells that react to a stimulus. They detect a specific change in the environment.

EG
Receptor = eye
Stimulii = light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What system involves the brain and spinal cord?

A

The central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are neurones?

A

Neurones are nerve cells that carry information in the form of tiny electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the properties of a sensory neurone?

A

The sensory neurone SENSES the stimuli and stimulates signals that are sent to the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which neurone transmits messages thoughout/within the central nervous system?

A

The relay neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the motor neurone do?

A

Carry signals from the central nervous system to the effectors (that carry out the action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the axon of a motor neurone

A

The central strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are the dendrites?

A

At the end of the motor neurone by the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The gap where two neurones meet and an electrical signal is diffused accross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does a reflex action occur?

A

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector

The actions do not interact with the brain

22
Q

What is an effector?

A

Any part of the body that produces a response

eg -> a muscle contracting, gland releasing

23
Q

What is the eye an example of?

A

A sense organ

24
Q

Which type of neurone transmits a signal from a sense organ to the central nervous system?

A

Sensory neurone

25
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood that alter the activity of target organs

26
Q

How are hormones and nerves similar?

A

They can both control the body

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a hormone?

A

Signal : chemical
transmission : nerve cells in the blood stream
Effectors : cells in particular tissues
Response : chemical change
Speed of response : slow
Duration of response : Long ( until hormone breaks down)

28
Q

What hormone does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen

29
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

The pancreas

30
Q

What controls the pituatiry gland?

A

The hypothalimus in the brain

31
Q

Where is adrenalin produced?

A

The adrenal gland

32
Q

What and when are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

A 
Stage 1 (days 1-4)
the uterus sheds its lining (bleeding)
Stage 2 ( days 4-14 )
 the uterus lining is rebuilt, thick spongy layer
Stage 3 ( day 14) 
An egg is released from the ovary
Stage 4 (14 -28)
The uterus lining remains for the egg to be fertilised, if not the cycle begins again
33
Q

What major hormones are in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • Oestrogen
  • LH ( luteinising hormone)
34
Q

How is an egg released from the ovaries?

A

The pituitary gland causes the production of FSH which in turn causes an egg to mature
The ovaries release oestrogen which triggers the release of LH
LH (released by the pituitary gland) determines when an egg is released into the uterus

35
Q

What are the four types of pathogen that cause disease?

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Carcinogen

36
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland
Causes an egg to mature
Stimulates release of oestrogen

37
Q

Which hormone, secreted by the ovaries, is responsible for stopping the production of FSH and stimulating the release of LH?

A

Oestrogen

It stops the production of FSH so only one egg is produced

38
Q

What is the job of the Luteinising Hormone?

A

Released by the pituatary gland

Triggers ovulation

39
Q

What are the benefits of oral contraceptives?

A
  • Oestrogen greatly reduces the chances of pregnancy by reducing the production of FSH
  • Allows choice to have children
40
Q

What were the risks of old fashioned oral contraceptives?

A
  • Mood swings
  • Weight loss or gain
  • Change in blood pressure

This was due to more oestrogen being in the pills than there are today

41
Q

How can fertility drugs aid the probability of pregnancy?

A

They contain FSH or LH which the patient is lacking in and so stimulates the production, maturing, and release of eggs

This can often lead to twins, triplets etc and also complications with birth such as a premature birth

42
Q

How can IVF help the possibility of pregnancy?

A

If the quality of the mans sperm is affecting the chance of pregnancy, the egg can be fertilised outside of the womb.
Fertility drugs can also be used to increase the amount of eggs available for fertilisation

43
Q

Why might some people disagree with IVF?

A

It could lead to the production of ‘designer babies’ if the parents have a choice of which child they want
eg a girl in a family of boys/boy in a family of girls

44
Q

How are hormones transported around the body?

A

In the blood stream

45
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A plants response to a stimulus

A positive tropism = towards
A negative tropism = away from

46
Q

What are auxins?

A

Auxins are a family of hormones made in the tips of shoots or roots of plants
They can elongate cells and therefore respond to a stimulus by changing the shape of a plant

eg
If the sun is on the left, the auxins elongate the cells in the right side of the plant stem to cause it to bend towards the light

47
Q

How can plant hormones be used commercially?

A
  • In weed killers to kill some plants but cause others to survive
  • In rooting powders to make stem cuttings grow and thrive
48
Q

How do cells in roots react to the presence of auxins?

A

They grow less

49
Q

Are shoots positively or negatively..
phototropic
gravitropic

A

Positively phototropic

Negatively gravitopic

50
Q

Are roots positively or negatively…
phototropic
gravitopic

A

Negatively phototropic

Positively gravitopic

51
Q

When a root bends gravitopically, does the bottom or top side grow more?

A

The top side grows more to bend the root downwards

BIOLOGY (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions