B P1 - Organisation Flashcards
Where are carbohydrates made?
Carbohydrates are made in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars (glucose) by amylase
Where are proteases made?
Proteases are made in the stomach and the pancreas
What is protein broken down into?
Protein is broken down into amino acids by protease
Where is lipase made?
Lipase is made in the pancreas
What are fats (lipids) broken down into?
Fats (lipids) are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipase
Where is bile made?
Bile is made in the liver, and is stored in the gallbladder
What is the role of bile?
Bile emulsifies fat in order to increase the surface area to increase the rate of lipids breaking down fat. Bile also neutralises hydrochloric acid in the stomach in order for enzymes like lipase to work
What can happen to enzymes if there are large changes of temperature?
Large changes of temperature can cause enzymes to denature and stop working
What happens to enzymes if temperatures are high?
High temperatures speed up the rate of enzymes
What happens to enzymes if temperatures are low?
Low temperatures slow the rate of enzymes
What is the lock and key theory?
The lock and key theory explains how an enzyme and a substrate bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex
What is the role of digestive enzymes?
Digestive enzymes speed up the conversion of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the test used for sugars (glucose)?
The test used for sugars (glucose) is the benedicts’ test
What is the test used for starch?
The test used for starch is the iodine test
What is the role of the arteries?
The role of the arteries is to carry blood away from the heart
What do arteries have in order to help them function?
The arteries have thick muscular walls and a small lumen
What is the role of the veins?
The veins carry blood to the heart
What does the capillary connect?
The capillary connects the arteries and veins
What are the characteristics of veins?
Veins have thin walls and a large lumen
What is the role of the capillaries?
The capillaries connect the arteries and veins, and allow for the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body’s cells
What is the role of plasma?
Plasma transport carbon dioxide, hormones and waste
What is the role of red blood cells?
Red blood cells carry oxygen and have a large surface area
What is the role of white blood cells?
White blood cells are a part of the immune system, which produce antibodies and surround and engulf pathogens
What is the role of platelets?
Platelets are fragments of cells that clump together to form blood clots
What is the role of the trachea in the lungs?
The trachea carries air to and from the lungs, and contain rings of cartilage that protect the airway
What do bronchioles do?
Bronchioles carry air to and from the alveoli and is split into multiple pathways to reach all the air sacs
What is the role of alveoli?
Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs, which maximise the surface area for efficient gas exchange
What is the role of the right ventricle?
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place
What is the role of the left ventricle?
The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body
What is the role of the pacemaker?
The pacemaker controls the natural resting heart rate
What is the role of the coronary arteries?
The coronary arteries carry oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle
What are the roles of the heart valves?
The heart valves prevent blood in the heart from flowing in the wrong direction
What is the cause of coronary heart disease?
The cause of coronary heart disease is a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries
What is the effect of coronary heart disease?
The effect of coronary heart disease is that oxygenated blood cannot get to the cardiac muscle
What are the treatments of coronary heart disease?
The treatments of coronary heart disease are stents that open up the artery, or statins which lower harmful cholesterol
What is the cause of faulty heart valves?
The cause of faulty heart valves are when valves don’t open or close properly
What is the effect of faulty heart valves?
The effect of faulty heart valves is that blood can leak or flow in the wrong directions
What is the treatment for faulty heart valves?
The treatment for faulty heart valves is a biological valve transplant or a mechanical valve can be inserted
What are the 6 plant tissues?
The 6 plant tissues are the epidermal tissues, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem and the meristem tissue
What is the function of the epidermal tissues?
The epidermal tissues reduce water loss from the leaf due to its waxy cuticle, and the guard cells and stomata in the epidermal tissue control water loss as well as allow for gas exchange
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
The palisade mesophyll allows for photosynthesis as the cells near the surface of the leaf are packed with chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?
The spongy mesophyll are the air spaces in the leaf between cells which has an increased surface area for gas exchange so that carbon dioxide can diffuse into photosynthesising cells
What is the function of meristem tissue?
The meristem tissue is responsible for growth in the plant as its tissue is constantly dividing
Which piece of equipment can we use to measure the rate of transpiration?
We can measure the rate of transpiration with a potometer
What factors affect the rate of transpiration?
The factors which affect the rate of transpiration are temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity
