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GCSE KO > B P1 - Cell Biology (structure, division) > Flashcards

B P1 - Cell Biology (structure, division) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions in the cell, which contains enzymes to catalyse the reactions

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2
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cells and codes for proteins

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is semi-permeable and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

The ribosome is the site of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated to an amino acid chain

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5
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria are the site of respiration where energy is released for the cell to function

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6
Q

What is bacterial DNA?

A

Bacterial DNA controls the function of a bacterial cell and floats in the cytoplasm as it is not in the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

The cell wall supports and strengths the cell (it is not made of cellulose)

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8
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

The plasmid are small rings of DNA that contain additional genes

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9
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

The permanent vacuole contains cell sap and keeps the cell turgid, and contains sugars and salts in solution

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10
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

The chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis that contain chlorophyll and absorb light energy

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11
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are complex organisms such as plant and animal cells which contain a nucleus, whereas Prokaryotes are simple organisms such as bacterial cells which do not contain a nucleus

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12
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Cell differentiation is how a cell changes and becomes specialised

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13
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Undifferentiated cells are called STEM cells

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14
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Magnification is the size of the image divided by the real size of the object

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15
Q

What are the features of light microscopes?

A

Light microscopes use light rays for radiation, their max magnification is 1500, the resolution is 200nm, they are small and portable, and are cheap

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16
Q

What are the features of an electron microscope?

A

An electron microscope uses electron beams for radiation, their max magnification is 2,000,000, their resolution is 0.2nm, they a very large but not portable and are expensive

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17
Q

How are nerve cells specialised? (animal)

A

Nerve cells, which carry electrical impulses, have long connections to communicate with other nerve cells and also has an insulation sheath called myelin

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18
Q

How are sperm cells specialised? (animal)

A

Sperm cells, which fertilises eggs, have long tails, has acrosome which contains enzymes, and contain a large number of mitochondria

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19
Q

How are muscle cells specialised? (animal)

A

Muscle cells, which contract to allow for movement, contain a large number of mitochondria and are also very long

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20
Q

How are root hair cells specialised? (plant)

A

Root hair cells, which absorb water and minerals from the soil, have hair-like projections to increase their surface area

21
Q

How are xylem cells specialised? (plant)

A

Xylem cells, which carry water and minerals, allow for transpiration, their cell walls are toughened by lignin and flow in one direction

22
Q

How are phloem cells specialised? (plant)

A

Phloem cells, which carry glucose, allow for translocation, have endplates with holes and flow in both directions

23
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of sugars from photosynthesis around the plant

24
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

The equation of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen

25
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a thread-like structure of coiled DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

26
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix

27
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a selection of DNA that codes for a specific protein or characteristic

28
Q

Why are cells adapted for diffusion?

A

Cells are adapted for diffusion because the greater the difference in concentrations, the faster the rate that diffusion will be

29
Q

What is diffusion? (energy is not required)

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

30
Q

What is osmosis? (energy is not required)

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

31
Q

What is active transport? (energy is required)

A

Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

32
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The factors which affect the rate of diffusion are concentration, temperature and surface area

33
Q

Name an example where diffusion is carried out

A

Diffusion is used during gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as urea in kidneys

34
Q

Name an example where osmosis is carried out

A

Osmosis is carried out when plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis through their root hair cells

35
Q

Name an example where active transport is carried out

A

Active transport is carried out during the movement of mineral ions into roots of plants and the movement of glucose into the small intestines

36
Q

How are small intestines adapted for diffusion?

A

Small intestines are adapted for diffusion by increasing their surface area and having a good blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient

37
Q

How are the lung adapted for diffusion?

A

The lungs have alveoli, which has increased surface area and good blood supply

38
Q

How are gills in fish adapted for diffusion?

A

Gills in fish increases their surface area and had a good blood supply

39
Q

How are roots adapted for diffusion?

A

Roots are adapted for diffusion by increasing their surface area

40
Q

How are leaves adapted for diffusion?

A

Leaves are adapted for diffusion by having a large surface area and having thin leaves for a shorter diffusion path

41
Q

What are the characteristics of human embryonic stem cells?

A

Human embryonic stem cells can be cloned and made to differentiate into most cell types.

42
Q

What is therapeutic cloning of human embryonic stem cells?

A

Therapeutic cloning of human embryonic stem cells involves using the same genes so the body does not reject the tissue, but that increases the risk of infection

43
Q

What are the characteristics of adult bone marrow stem cells?

A

Adult bone marrow stem cells can form many types of human cells such as blood cells. The tissue is matched to avoid rejection, but there is a risk of infection and only a few types of cells can be formed

44
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems can differentiate into any plant cell type throughout the life of the plant. It is used to produce clones quickly and economically such as crop plants with disease resistance.

45
Q

What are the three stages of cell division?

A

The three stages of cell division are growth, DNA synthesis and mitosis.

46
Q

What occurs in the first stage of cell division? (growth)

A

In the first stage of cell division, there is an increased number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria

47
Q

What occurs in the second stage of cell division? (DNA synthesis)

A

In the second stage of cell division, DNA is replicated to form two copies of each chromosome

48
Q

What occurs in the third stage of cell division (mitosis)

A

In the third stage of cell division, The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form to daughter cells

GCSE KO (13 decks)

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