B P1 - Infection and Response Flashcards
What are the three methods by which plants defend themselves from pathogens and animals? Name an example for each.
The plant defend themselves physically (cell walls / thick waxy layers), mechanically (thorns/leaves curling up to prevent being eaten), and chemically (antibacterial and toxins)
What are the 7 ways we can detect plant disease?
We can detect plant disease with stunted growth, spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformed stem/leaves, discolouration, presence of pests
How can we identify plant disease?
We can identify plant disease by using gardening manuals or websites, laboratory tests for pathogens, testing kits using monoclonal antibodies
What is the role of phagocytes?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes release antibodies and antitoxins
What do antibodies do?
Antibodies destroy pathogens. When a person is infected again, the antibodies are produced much faster by lymphocytes
What do antitoxins do?
Antitoxins are a type of antibodies that destroy toxins in the body which are produced by bacteria
What happens to plants if there is a lack of nitrate ions?
If there are a lack of nitrate ions, then the plant will have a stunted growth as nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis
What happens to plants if there is a lack of magnesium ions?
A lack of magnesium ions leads to chlorosis in plants where the leaves turn yellow as the magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
How are pathogens identified within the body?
Pathogens are identified by white blood cells by the different proteins on their surfaces (antigens)
How does our nose protect our body from pathogens?
Our nose has nasal hairs, sticky mucus and cilia to prevent pathogens from entering through the nostrils
How does ur respiratory system (trachea and bronchus) protect our body from pathogens?
Our respiratory system protects our body from pathogens by being lined with mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Cilia move the mucus upwards to be swallowed.
How does our stomach acid protect our body from pathogens?
Our stomach acid has a low pH of 1 meaning it will kill most ingested pathogens
How does our skin protect our body from pathogens?
Our skin protects our body from pathogens as it is hard to penetrate its waterproof barrier. The glands also secrete oil which kills microbes
What are the symptoms of measles?
The symptoms of measles include fever, red skin and rashes
What are the symptoms of HIV?
The symptoms of HIV include flu-like systems and damage to the immune system
What are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus?
The symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus include mosaic patterns on leaves
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
The symptoms of salmonella include fever, cramp, vomiting and diarrhoea