B P1 - Infection and Response Flashcards
What are the three methods by which plants defend themselves from pathogens and animals? Name an example for each.
The plant defend themselves physically (cell walls / thick waxy layers), mechanically (thorns/leaves curling up to prevent being eaten), and chemically (antibacterial and toxins)
What are the 7 ways we can detect plant disease?
We can detect plant disease with stunted growth, spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformed stem/leaves, discolouration, presence of pests
How can we identify plant disease?
We can identify plant disease by using gardening manuals or websites, laboratory tests for pathogens, testing kits using monoclonal antibodies
What is the role of phagocytes?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens and digest them
What is the role of lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes release antibodies and antitoxins
What do antibodies do?
Antibodies destroy pathogens. When a person is infected again, the antibodies are produced much faster by lymphocytes
What do antitoxins do?
Antitoxins are a type of antibodies that destroy toxins in the body which are produced by bacteria
What happens to plants if there is a lack of nitrate ions?
If there are a lack of nitrate ions, then the plant will have a stunted growth as nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis
What happens to plants if there is a lack of magnesium ions?
A lack of magnesium ions leads to chlorosis in plants where the leaves turn yellow as the magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
How are pathogens identified within the body?
Pathogens are identified by white blood cells by the different proteins on their surfaces (antigens)
How does our nose protect our body from pathogens?
Our nose has nasal hairs, sticky mucus and cilia to prevent pathogens from entering through the nostrils
How does ur respiratory system (trachea and bronchus) protect our body from pathogens?
Our respiratory system protects our body from pathogens by being lined with mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Cilia move the mucus upwards to be swallowed.
How does our stomach acid protect our body from pathogens?
Our stomach acid has a low pH of 1 meaning it will kill most ingested pathogens
How does our skin protect our body from pathogens?
Our skin protects our body from pathogens as it is hard to penetrate its waterproof barrier. The glands also secrete oil which kills microbes
What are the symptoms of measles?
The symptoms of measles include fever, red skin and rashes
What are the symptoms of HIV?
The symptoms of HIV include flu-like systems and damage to the immune system
What are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus?
The symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus include mosaic patterns on leaves
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
The symptoms of salmonella include fever, cramp, vomiting and diarrhoea
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
The symptoms of gonorrhoea include green discharge from the penis or vagina
What are the symptoms of malaria?
The symptoms of malaria include flu-like illness and fevers
What is the symptom of rose black spot?
The symptom of rose black spot includes purple black spots on leaves
How is measles transmitted?
Measles are transmitted via droplet infection from sneezes and coughs
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is transmitted via sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids
How is the tobacco mosaic virus transmitted?
Tobacco mosaic virus is transmitted via wounds in the epidermis caused by pests
How is salmonella transmitted?
Salmonella is transmitted via food prepared in unhygienic conditions or food not being cooked properly
How is gonorrhoea transmitted?
Gonorrhoea is transmitted via direct sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
How is malaria transmitted?
Malaria is transmitted by mosquitos (vector)
How is rose black spot transmitted?
Rose black spot is transmitted by spores carried via wind or water
How is measles controlled?
Measles are controlled by having vaccinations as children
How is HIV controlled?
HIV is controlled with anti-retroviral drugs and use of condoms
How is the tobacco mosaic virus controlled?
The tobacco mosaic virus is controlled by removing infected leaves and controlling pests that damage the leaves
How is salmonella controlled?
Salmonella is controlled by improving food hygiene, washing hands, vaccinating poultry and cooking food thoroughly
How is gonorrhoea controlled?
Gonorrhoea is controlled by using condoms and being treated using antibiotics
How is malaria controlled?
Malaria is controlled by preventing the breeding of mosquitoes and using nets to prevent bites
How is rose black spot controlled?
Rose black spot is controlled by removing the infected leaves and spraying them with fungicide
What is the role of antibiotics?
The role of antibiotics is to kill infective bacteria inside the body, sometimes specific
What is the role of painkillers?
Painkillers treat the symptoms of a disease - they do not kill the pathogens!!!
Why is it difficult to develop drugs which kill viruses?
It can be hard to develop drugs that kill viruses because it could harm the body tissues as viruses live and reproduce inside cells
What happens after you receive a vaccination and you become infected with a pathogen?
When you have received a vaccination and become infected with a pathogen, the white blood cells detect these pathogens and produce antibodies which are released into the blood. When you are infected again by the same pathogen, the white blood cells make antibodies much faster and in large amounts.
What are the four ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used?
Monoclonal antibodies can be used for diagnosis, detecting pathogens, detecting molecules and treatment
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody produced in laboratory
How are rats used in the process of making monoclonal antibodies?
In the laboratory, rats are used for making monoclonal antibodies:
- they are injected with the pathogen
- their lymphocytes produce antibodies
- their lymphocytes are removed and fused with rapidly dividing mouse tumour cells
- the new cells are called hybridomas
- the hybridomas divide rapidly and release lots of antibodies which are then collected
What is a placebo?
A placebo looks identical to a drug but has no active ingredients
What are new drugs extensively tested for? (3)
New drugs are tested for efficancy, toxicity, and dose
What three drugs were originally extracted from plants and microorganisms?
The three drugs which were originally extracted from plants and microorganisms include digitalis, aspirin and penicillin
What is a double-blind trial?
A double-blind trial is when neither the scientists or the patients know who receives the new drugs or placebo until the end of a trial to avoid bias
