B-Cells and T-Cells. Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocites? and describe each one of them.

A
  1. B-cells: stay in the bone marrow and mature there.
  2. T-cells: move out of the bone marrow, and mature in the thymus.
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2
Q

explain where B cells stay and mature.

A

They stay in the bone marrow, and then mature also in the bone marrow.

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3
Q

Explain where T-cells stay and mature.

A

they move out of the bone marrow, and mature inside the thymus.

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4
Q

Explain the process by which a B-cell clones.

A

1.The naive B-cells receptors, bind to the complementary antigens on the pathogen.
2.The B-cell internalises the pathogen, and processes the antigen. It then presents the processesd antigen on its surface.
3. A helper T-cell with a receptor complementary to the processed antigen, then binds to the processed antigen.
4. The helper T-cell then releases some chemicals, which stimulate the B-cell to clone.
5. Once the clone of the B-cell is formed, the B cell DIFERENTIATES into two different cells:
Plasma cells, and memory cells.

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5
Q

How long does a plasma cell survive?

A

It can only survive for a couple days.

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6
Q

what does a plasma cell secrete?

A

A protein called an antibody.

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7
Q

state what is meant by the term antibody?

A

an angibody is a protein secreted by a plasma cell, produced by naive B-cells in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

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8
Q

what does an antibody do?

A

It contributes to the destruction of pathogens.

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

explain what determines the structure of the antigen binding site.

A

It is due to the antibodies tertiary structure.

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11
Q

What do the chains in an antibody consist of of, and what are those components held together by?

A

They consist of amino acids, which are held together by peptide bonds.

Each chain is a polypeptide chain.

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12
Q

what is an antigen-antibody complex?

A

when an atingen binds to an antigen binding site, we say they form and antigen-antibody complex.

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13
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Antibodies with the same tertiary structure, which are produced from cloned B-cells.

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14
Q

Explain and describe agglutination.

A

Antibodies have two antigen binding site, which means they are capable of binding two antigens at once.
And so, when monoclonal antibodies encounter a group of pathogens , with complementary antigens. They bind to the antigens , which causes the pathogens to clump together.

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15
Q

What are the effects of agglutination.

A
  1. Makes it harder for the pathogens to move throughout the body.
  2. Makes it easier for phagocytes to locate them, and destroy a large number of pathogens at once.
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16
Q

How long can memory cells survive in our body?

A

for years, even decades.

17
Q

How do memory B-cells function in the body?

A

They remain, in case the same non-self cell , with the familiar antigen, invades again.

If a pathogen does RE-enter, the memory B-cells act the same way as naive B-cells.

18
Q

Outline and explain the two main differences between the naive B-cell response, and the memory B-cell response.

A
  1. Due to the fact that memory B-cell remembers the pathogen , they respons much quicker than naive B-cells.
  2. Because the memory B-cells, outnumber the naive B-cells. Cloning the memory B-cell, results in more plasma cells per unit of time, thus more antibodies per unit of time.
19
Q

state what is meant by antigen variability.

A

The ability of antigens to mutate, and vary their shape, is known as antigen variability.

20
Q

explain the effect of antigen variability on the memory B-cells response.

A

Memory B-cells will be useless, because antigen is not complementary to the receptors of the B-cell.
This means no new plasma cells are produced.
Naive B-cells, now have to start all over again, which takes alot more longer.

21
Q

explain what a primary immune response is.

A

It is the first time our body encounters a pathogen.

It involves naive Bcells.

22
Q

explain what a secondary immune response is.

A

It is when our body re-encounters a pathogen.
-Involves memory B cells.

23
Q

What do we call the entire process ( including both primary and secondary immune response)?

A

The Humoral response.