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Vaccinology Lectures > B Cell Vaccines > Flashcards

B Cell Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Types of vaccine

A
  • live attenuated
  • whole killed/ inactivated
  • subunit (recombinant/polysacc)
  • viral vector
  • DNA vector
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2
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance that, when added to a vaccine, greatly enhances its protection against infection

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3
Q

What does an adjuvant help to do?

A
  • decreases the amount of antigen required for activation
  • safe
  • effective
  • lower vaccine doses
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4
Q

4 main mechanisms of adjuvants

A
  • depot effect
  • PRR activation
  • inflammosome activation
  • MHC activation
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5
Q

Technologies for vaccine development

A
  • empirical approach
  • recombinant DNA
  • glycoconjugation
  • reverse vaccinology
  • next-generation technologies
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6
Q

What does B in B cell stand for?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

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7
Q

What are epitopes

A

Ant-body binding sites

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8
Q

Type of immunity

A
  • active immunity

- passive immunity

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9
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Permanent protection produced by the person’s own immune system

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Temporary protection transferred from another person or animal

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11
Q

What is an active vaccine?

A

Stimulates the host’s immune system to produce specific antibodies or cellular immune response or both which would protect against or eliminate a disease

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12
Q

What is a passive vaccine

A

A preparation of antibodies that neutralizes a pathogen and is administered before or around the time of known or potential exposure

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13
Q

Features of effective vaccines

A
  • safe
  • protective
  • gives sustained protection
  • induces neutralizing antibody
  • induces protective T cells
  • practical considerations
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14
Q

Determinants of primary vaccine Ab responses in healthy individuals

A
  • vaccine types
  • antigen nature
  • vaccine schedule
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15
Q

3 type of antibody binding specificities

A
  • perfect fit
  • no fit
  • poor fit
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16
Q

Ab functions

A
  • neutralization
  • complement fixation
  • agglutination
  • opsonization
  • antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
17
Q

How does ADCC work?

A
  • target cell covered with AB (Fc portion sticking outwards)
  • CD16 expressed on NK cell surface
  • cross-linking of Fc receptors induces rapid release of cytoplasmic granules
  • used to destory large organisms that cannot be phaogcytosed
18
Q

How to measure ADCC

A
  • chromium release assays

- luminescent readout

19
Q

Types of antigen

A
  • T-dependent antigens

- T-independent antigens

20
Q

How do TD antigens work?

A
  • activate via BCR but depend on additional signals from helper T cells to cause division/differentiation
  • protein anitgen
21
Q

How do TI antigens work?

A
  • induce division/differentiation by BCR signaling without MHC class II T help
  • bacterial polysaccharides, repeating subuits
22
Q

Define somatic hypermutation

A

A unique mutation mechanism that is targeted to the variable regions of rearranged Ig gene segments

23
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

Bacterial exotoxins can be modified genetically or by chemicals such as formaldehyde to disrupt the toxin’s active site

24
Q

Describe polysacharide vaccines

A

Unique type of inactivated subunit vaccine composed of long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria

25
Q

How does a congugated polysaccharide vaccine work?

A

Hib vaccine generates Ab response against polysaccharide through T cell recognition and B cell activation of linked tetanus toxoid protein antigen
- switches B cell response from TI to TD

26
Q

Advantages of ELISA

A
  • robust and relatively accurate
  • sensitive and specific
  • relatively cheap
  • reproducible
  • excellent for high-throughput
27
Q

Disadvantages of ELISA

A
  • provides no info about cell source of analyte
  • only measures 1 thing at a time
  • high volume of sample required
28
Q

Steps of ELISA

A
  • coat plate with capture antigen
  • add primary antibody
  • secondary antibody (enzyme linked)
  • add substrate
  • covnert OD to conc values
29
Q

Steps of ELISpot

A
  • coat nitrocellulose membrane with capture antigen
  • add and stimulate cells
  • secreted Ab binds
  • add secondary antibody
  • read and count spots

Vaccinology Lectures (12 decks)

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