Axilla and Breast Flashcards
The _____ is essentially the region that we think of as the deep compartment of the armpit
axilla
It is a complex region located inferior to the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint), at the junction of the arm and the thorax
Axilla
The is an important passageway for neurovascular structures to the upper limb.
axilla
It is a “pyramid-shaped” space that invested in layers of fascia. Some of these fascial layers are also continuous with the thorax and upper limb.
Axilla
The ____ of the pectoral region consists of superficial and deep layers that define borders, invest muscles, and create potential spaces.
fascia
The ___ fascia of axilla: Subcutaneous; fatty
Superficial fascia
The ___ fascia of axilla: Compartmentalizing; Surrounds muscles; Attaches to bone in most cases
Deep fascia
Skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue; Platysma muscle–Muscle over lower mandible, neck and upper thoracic/shoulder region; a very superficial skeletal muscle that is mostly subcutaneous; Supraclavicular nerves (cutaneous branches from C3 & C4 cervical spinal nerves); Anterior & lateral branches of intercostal nerves (come up through deeper layers of fascia to subcutaneous layers) are all covered by ___ fascia
Superficial fascia
Muscle over lower mandible, neck and upper thoracic/shoulder region; a very superficial skeletal muscle that is mostly subcutaneous
Platysma muscle
____ fascia (attaches to clavicle and sternum; invests pectoralis major muscle; continuous with fascia of anterior abdominal wall)
Pectoral fascia
____ fascia (forms floor of axilla)
Axillary fascia
___ fascia (deep to pectoralis major muscle)–Invests subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles–Costocoracoid membrane connects subclavius to pectoralis minor–attaches to clavicle –Becomes suspensory ligament of axilla
Clavipectoral fascia
____ connects subclavius to pectoralis minor
Costocoracoid membrane
____ fascia (surface of deltoid muscle)–Attaches to clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula–Continuous with pectoralis fascia–Compartmentalizes scapular muscles
Deltoid fascia
What fascias make up the deep fascia of pectoral region?
Pectoral, axillary, clavipectoral, and deltoid
____ Allows passage of neurovascular structures between axilla and pectoral region
Clavipectoral triangle
Borders of _____ are deltoid, pectoralis major, middle 1/3 of clavicle
Clavipectoral triangle
Contents of ____ include cephalic vein, deltopectoral lymph nodes, deltoid branch of thoracoacromial a. (from axillary a.)
Clavipectoral triangle
The ___ of the axilla includes the clavicle, scapula, and 1st rib
Apex of axilla
The apex contains that ____. This space is the passageway for neurovascular structures (axillary vessels and brachial plexus components) from the neck to the upper limb
cervicoaxillary canal
The ____ of the axilla includes Skin & superficial fascia (axillary fossa; aka armpit)•Anterior axillary fold•pectoralis major muscle•Posterior axillary fold•latissimus dorsi muscle•teres major muscle•Chest wall•serratus anterior muscle
base of axilla
The ____ of the axilla includes Clavicle (superior)•Subclavius muscle (superior)•Pectoralis major muscle•Pectoralis minor muscle
Anterior wall of axilla
The ____ of the axilla includes Scapula•Subscapularis muscle•Latissimus dorsi muscle•Teres major muscle
Posterior wall of axilla
The ____ of the axilla includes intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)•tendon of long head of biceps•coracobrachialis tendon
Lateral Wall of axilla
____ is an extension of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia into the cervicoaxillary canal (apex) of the axilla.
axillary sheath
The vascular contents of the axillary sheath include _____
axillary artery and vein
The neurological contents of the axillary sheath include
cords of brachial plexus
The lymphatic contents of the axillary sheath include
axillary lymph nodes
_____ artery is the continuation of the subclavian artery and it has tributaries that provide blood to the shoulder, thorax, and axillary region.It continues into the arm as the brachial artery.
axillary artery
The ____ vein is formed by the coming together of the brachial vein(s) and the basilic vein*
axillary vein
The axillary vein becomes the ___ vein which becomes the ____ vein
cephalic vein; subclavian vein
_____ is a network of spinal nerves C5-T1 that emerge from the neck and travel into the axilla
brachial plexus
The cords of the brachial plexus are within the ________
axillary sheath
The _____ provides innervation to the shoulder, pectoral region, scapular region and upper limb
brachial plexus
_____ Lymph nodes in axilla region (3-5) Medial wall of axilla; Cluster around lateral thoracic vein
Pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes
_____ Lymph nodes in axilla region (6-7)*•Posterior axillary fold•Cluster around subscaplular vessels
Subscapular (posterior) lymph nodes
_____ Lymph nodes in axilla region (4-6)•Lateral wall of axilla•Near axillary vein
Humeral (lateral) lymph nodes
_____ Lymph nodes in axilla region (3-4)•Base of axilla•near axillary vein
Central (center/base) lymph nodes
_____ Lymph nodes in axilla region •Apex (cervicoaxillary canal)•Near axillary vein
Apical (apex) lymph nodes
_____ are bilateral glandular structures found in both males and females
breasts
Cutaneous structure; rests on pectoral fascia; modified sweat gland
Breast
____ space is potential space between breast and pectoral fascia
Retromammary space
Breasts are supplied blood by tributaries of ___ and ___ arteries
subclavian and axillary
Breasts are innervated by ____ nerves
intercostal nerves
The breasts Attaches to dermis of overlying skin via
suspensory ligaments (aka Cooper’s Ligaments)
The nipple is surrounded by a pigmented ____
areola
______ lobules converge on the nipple
Mammary gland
Lactiferous ducts drain into _____ which open at nipple
lactiferous sinuses
Breasts are mainly innervated from the anterior and lateral branches of the ______ nerves
4th–6th intercostal nerves
Breasts may receive some innervation from what other nerve along with other intercostals?
Supraclavicular nerve
What are the branches that supply the breasts from axillary and subclavian?
Lateral mammary and Medial Mammary branches
The medial mammary branches to the breast come off of the _____ artery from the ____ artery
internal thoracic artery; subclavian
The lateral mammary branches to the breast come off of the _____ artery from the ____ artery
lateral thoracic artery; axillary
Most of venous drainage of breast is to ____ vein through ____ veins and _____ veins through ____ veins
axillary vein through lateral thoracic veins; medial mammary veins through internal thoracic veins
_______ lymph nodes drain the nipple, areola, and lactiferous lobules
subareolar lymph nodes
More than 75% of lymph from the breast drains via ____ lymph nodes
axillary lymph nodes
Accessory nipple
polythelia
Accessory breast tissue
polymastia
______ cells from breast tissue can also spread via parasternal lymph node communication with internal thoracic (internal mammary) veins, which drain to intercostal veins.
Metastatic cancer cells
Cancer may cause ______ (excess subcutaneous fluid) by blocking flow of lymph, leading to “dimpling” of the skin of the breast
lymphedema
Most metastasis of breast cancer is to ____ lymph nodes
axillary lymph nodes
Invasion of _____ and ______ will cause the breast to elevate when pectoral muscles contract, a clinical sign of advanced cancer
retromammary space and pectoral fascia
These eventually drain to the _____ system in the posterior thorax and provide the route by which cancers of the breast can spread to thoracic and skeletal structures.
azygos venous system
Involvement of _______ plexus also provides a route for cancer cells to spread to the brain and cranium
vertebral venous plexus
