Axial Skeleton and Muscles Flashcards
Vertebral Formulas
Cat/Dog, Horse, Ox
C/D: C7 - T13 - L7 - S3 - Cd - 20
H: C7 - T18 - L6 - S5 - Cd - 20
O: C7 - T13 - L6 - S5 - Cd - 20
Cervical Vertebrae
Unique features
presence of a transverse foramen located in transverse processes (all but C7)
- vertebral artery, vein, and nerve run through
Thoracic Vertebrae
Unique features
- elongated spinous processes (T1-T9)
- cranial and caudal costal foveae for rib attachment (only cranial on last 3 or 4)
- transverse costal foveae (tubercle of ribs attaches)
- mamillary and accessory processes
Lumbar Vertebrae
Unique features
- large, ovoid shaped bodies
- spinous and transverse processes point cranially
- mamillary and accessory processes
Sacral Vertebrae
Unique features
- fused in dog and cat
- articular surface of wing articulates with ilium
- sacral promontory is dorsal boundary of pelvic inlet
- fused spinous processes = median crest
- pelvic and dorsal foramina for sacral spinal nerves
Caudal Vertebrae
Unique features
- hemal arches to protect the medial caudal artery
Atlas
C1
- reduced, flattened body
- fovea dentis on floor of body
- lateral vertebral foramina for passage of cervical spinal nerves
- cranial and caudal articular foveae (articulate with occipital condyles and axis)
Axis
C2
- elongated spinous process
- dens = extension of cranial vertebral body
- cranial articular surface (articulates with caudal articular fovea of atlas)
C6
- ventral expansion of transverse processes
C7
- no transverse foramina
- highest spinous process of cervical
- caudal costal foveae (articulates with first pair of ribs)
T11
- anticlinal vertebra, spine is vertical
Rib Articulation
- heads of ribs 1-10 articulate with the cranial costal fovea of the same numbered vertebra, and the caudal costal fovea of the preceding vertebra
- heads of ribs 11-13 articulate with cranial costal fovea of T11-T13
- tubercle of each rib articulates with the transverse fovea of same numbered vertebra
Rib Structure
- ribs 1-9 (true ribs) connect to sternum
- ribs 10-12 articulate with cartilage of cranial rib
- rib 13 is floating
Sternum Structure
- 8 sternabrae joined by intersternebral cartilages
- ventral boundary of thorax
- manubrium = first sternebra, longer
- xyphoid = last sternebra, short and flat, cartilage projects caudally
Epaxial Muscles
- extensors of vertebral column
- lie dorsal to transverse processes
- iliocostalis, longissimus, transversospinalis
Hypaxial Muscles
- flexors of vertebral column
- lie ventral to transverse processes
Iliocostalis System
- most laterally located
- has lumbar and thoracic parts
Longissimus System
- intermediately located
- parts: lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
Transversospinalis System
- most medially located
- from sacrum to head
- splenus
- semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis and complexus)
Cervical Visceral Space
Dorsal: longus colli and longus capitis
Ventral: sternocephalicus, sternothyroideus, and sternohyoideus
Contains: trachea, esophagus, carotid sheath, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Supraspinous Ligament
connects apices of spinous processes from caudal vertebra to T1
Nuchal Ligament
- continuation of supraspinous ligament
- from T1 to spine of axis (in dog)
- not present in cats
- goes to nuchal crest in large animals
Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
- on ventral surface of vertebral bodies
- axis to sacrum
Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
- on dorsal surface of vertebral bodies, ventral to spinal cord
- axis to caudal vertebrae
