Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMCOL 343 > Autonomic Pharmacology 3 > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classifications for cholinergic agonists?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 choline esters.

A

acetylcholine
carbachol
bethanechol
methacholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are choline esters poorly or well absorbed from the GI tract?

A

poorly absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classify ACh, carbachol, and bethanecol as:

-nicotinic
-muscarinic
-nicotinic and muscarinic
-neither nicotinic nor muscarinic

A

ACh and carbachol = nicotinic and muscarinic

bethanecol = muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which 2 choline esters are not hydrolized by acetylcholinesterase?

A

carbachol and bethanecol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which drug (choline ester) is used as a challenge to test for asthma?

A

methacholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: muscarinic agonists are both parasympathomimetic and sypathomimetic.

A

FALSE –> muscarinic agonists are parasympathomimetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 muscarinic agonists.

A

muscarine, oxotremorine, pilocarpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do muscarinic agonists affect heart rate?

A

decreases heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do muscarinic agonists affect blood vessel dilation/constriction? Explain the process.

A

muscarinic agonist binds to M3 on the blood vessel ENDOTHELIUM –> nitrogen monoxide (NO) is released from the endothelium –> NO stimulates guanylyl cyclase and production of cyclic GMP –> vascular smooth muscle relaxes –> blood vessel DILATES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do mAChR agonists affect the bronchiole smooth muscle?

A

mAChR agonists contract the bronchiole smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: increased secretion at the mAChR can relieve asthma.

A

FALSE –> increased secretion at mAChR EXACERBATES asthma b/c it causes CONTRACTION of bronchiole smooth muscle (restrict airway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mAChR agonists ____________ secretion of saliva and stomach acid. mAChR agonists also ___________ motility and peristalsis.

Fill in the blanks with either ‘increase’ or ‘decrease’.

A

mAChR agonists INCREASE both secretion of saliva and stomach acid, and motility and peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do mAChR agonists in the bladder promote or inhibit micturition/voiding/urination?

A

mAChR agonists PROMOTE micturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the major nicotinic agonist?

A

Nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some of the main CNS effects of nicotinic agonists? What do high doses cause? What do the highest doses cause?

A
  • mild STIMULATION
  • high dose causes EMESIS
  • highest dose causes COMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Muscarine can be used as an insecticide.

A

FALSE –> NICOTINE and MALATHION act as insecticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which branch(es) of the ANS does nAChR stimulate? What branch(es) of the ANS does mAChR stimulate?

A

nAChR - both sympathetic and parasympathetic
mAChR - parasympathetic only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are nicotine’s cardiovascular effects sympathetic or parasympathetic? Give some examples of the effects.

A

sympathetic; e.g. hypertension, cardiac stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are nicotine’s effects on the GI tract sympathetic or parasympathetic? Give some examples of the effects.

A

parasympathetic; increased secretion and motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the skeletal muscle effects of nAChR?

a) depolarization/excitation
b) hyperpolarization/inhibition

A

a) depolarization/excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function and mechanism of an anticholinesterase?

A

function: stimulate both nAChR and mAChR

mechanism: prevent hydrolysis of ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do anticholinesterases directly stimulate their receptors? Why or why not?

A
  • NO –> anticholinesterase INDIRECTLY stimulates nAChR and mAChR
  • indirect stimulation b/c anticholinesterase acts by preventing hydrolysis of ACh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which 2 anticholinesterases have reversible action and can be used therapeutically? Describe their structures.

A

EDROPHONIUM - simple alcohol
NEOSTIGMINE - carbamic ester of alcohols with quaternary/tertiary ammonium group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which anticholinesterase can be used as an insecticide? Describe its structure.

A

MALATHION - organophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which anticholinesterase acts as nerve gas? Describe its structure?

A

SOMAN - organophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which 4 locations of the body are anticholinesterases best absorbed?

A

skin, gut, lung, conjuctiva (eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the effects of anticholinesterases on the eyes?

A

miosis, myopia, decreased IOP (intra-ocular pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of anticholinesterases on respiration?

A

bronchiole constriction, increased secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the effect of anticholinesterases on the gut?

A

increased motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the effect of anticholinesterases on the bladder?

A

stimulation (promote micturition)

32
Q

What are the effects of anticholinesterases on the heart?

A

bradycardia, decreased cardiac output

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Anticholinesterase effects on the vascular system are dominated by increase in sympathetic tone.

A

TRUE

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Anticholinesterase effects on the vascular system cause little overall change in blood pressure.

A

TRUE

35
Q

What are the effects of anticholinesterases on neuromuscular transmission? What do high doses lead to? What do the highest doses lead to?

A

general effect: increased strength of contraction
high concentration effect: muscle fasciculations (twitching)
highest concentration effect: depolarizing neuromuscular blockade (paralysis)

36
Q

What are the effects of anticholinesterases on neuromuscular transmission? What do high doses lead to? What do the highest doses lead to?

A

general effect: increased strength of contraction
high concentration effect: muscle fasciculations (twitching)
highest concentration effect: depolarizing neuromuscular blockade (paralysis)

37
Q

What are the effects of nerve gas or insecticide poisoning?

A
  • cardiac arrest
  • fluid in lungs
  • bronchioconstriction
  • blockade of respiratory (skeletal) muscle contraction
38
Q

Which drug can be used to limit the effects of nerve gas?

A

ATROPINE

39
Q

What eye condition can cholinomimetics (cholinergic agonists) be used to treat?

A

Glaucoma (which involves high intra-ocular pressure (IOP)) can be treated with cholinomimetics (e.g. anticholinesterase) which decrease IOP.

40
Q

Which 2 drugs below are most likely used to treat urinary retention and postoperative ileus?

a) edrophonium
b) nicotine
c) oxotremorine
d) atropine

A

a) edrophonium
c) oxotremorine

(This is because muscarinic agonists (and some anticholinesterases) act parasympathetically which relaxes the sphincters. Edrophonium is an anticholinesterase, and oxotremorine is a muscarinic agonist. Atropine, on the other hand, is a cholinergic ANTAGONIST.)

41
Q

What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis? What receptor is affected by this disease, and how is it affected? Which class of drugs works best to treat this disease?

A

symptoms: weakness and fatigability, difficulty opening eyes, resemble neuromuscular block

effect on receptor: DECREASED expression of nAChR at neuromuscular junction

best drug to treat the disease: ANTICHOLINESTERASE (works better than direct acting nicotinic agonists)

42
Q

What is another name for nicotinic antagonists?

A

neuromuscular blockers

43
Q

What is the main therapeutic use of neuromuscular blockers?

A

paralysis during surgery

44
Q

What is the main drug used for paralysis during surgery? What was the prototypic drug? Are these drugs muscarinic or nicotinic; agonists or antagonists?

A

main: SUCCINYLCHOLINE
prototypic: D-TUBOCURARINE
drug type: nicotinic antagonist

45
Q

What toxin produced by snakes is a nicotinic antagonist? What is the effect?

A

ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN –> paralysis

46
Q

What is the prototypic drug for muscarinic antagonists? What 2 chemical components does this drug include in its structure?

A

ATROPINE (base + tropic acid)

47
Q

Which drug is most likely used to treat tremor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease? Explain your choice.

a) scopolamine
b) oxotremorine
c) atropine
d) succinylcholine

A

c) atropine

Parkinson’s involves lack of dopaminergic activity and excess of cholinergic activity; antimuscarinic drugs can inhibit the excess cholinergic activity and control the tremor.

48
Q

Which anticholinergic drug can be used to treat vestibular disturbances (motion sickness)? Classify this drug as muscarinic or nicotinic.

A

SCOPOLAMINE; muscarinic antagonist

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Atropine can cause sedation.

A

TRUE (hint: atropine comes from the Atropa belladonna plant, which translates to deadly NIGHTshade)

50
Q

When the heart is under parasympathetic tone, what is the effect of administering atropine? Explain your thought process.

A

increased heart rate, force of contraction, and A-V conduction

thought process: mAChR is activated under parasympathetic tone –> parasympathetic tone = decreased heart rate, etc. –> atropine is an mAChR antagonist –> increased heart rate, etc.

51
Q

What drug is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Classify this drug as nicotinic/muscarinic and agonist/antagonist. What are the effects of this drug?

A

IPRATROPIUM
- muscarinic antagonist
- block parasympathetic tone; bronchodilation; decreased secretion of mucous

52
Q

What is the overall effect of muscarinic antagonists? (hint: is mAChR under nicotinic or muscarinic tone?)

A

decrease parasympathetic tone

53
Q

Which receptors do directly acting sympathomimetics bind to?

A

alpha and/or beta adrenoreceptors

54
Q

What are 3 directly acting sympathomimetics?

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol (INA)

55
Q

What are 2 indirectly acting sympathomimetics that displace stored catecholamines from vesicles?

A

AMPHETAMINE and TYRAMINE

56
Q

What are 2 indirectly acting sympathomimetics that inhibit catecholamine re-uptake?

A

COCAINE and TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

57
Q

What was John Newport Langley’s main contribution to pharmacology?

A

idea of drug receptors in ANS

58
Q

What was Sir Henry Dale’s main contribution to pharmacology?

A

receptor antagonist, vasomotor reversal

59
Q

What was Raymond Ahlquist’s main contribution to pharmacology?

A

alpha and beta adrenoreceptors

60
Q

Arrange the following sympathomimetics in order of decreasing affinity for alpha adrenoreceptors. Do the same for beta adrenoreceptors.

adrenaline (A), norepinephrine (N), isoproterenol (I)

A

alpha: A >= N&raquo_space; I

beta: I > A >= N

61
Q

How many different beta adrenoreceptors are there? What are their affinities for A and NA?

A

B1: A = NA
B2: A > NA
B3: ???

62
Q

How many alpha adrenoreceptors are there and what are their subtypes? Which drugs block each receptor?

A

alpha1 (alpha1a, alpha1b, alpha1c); blocked by PRAZOSIN
alpha2 (alpha2a, alpha2b, alpha2c); blocked by YOHIMBINE

63
Q

TRUE or FALSE: alpha receptors are more sensitive to agonists than beta receptors.

A

FALSE: beta more sensitive than alpha

64
Q

What is the universal antagonist for all alpha receptors?

A

PHENTOLAMINE

65
Q

Which drug acts as an agonist for alpha1 receptors?

A

PHENYLEPHRINE

66
Q

Which drug acts as an antagonist for alpha1 receptors?

A

PRAZOSIN

67
Q

Which drug acts as an agonist for alpah2 receptors?

A

CLONIDINE

68
Q

Which drug acts as an antagonist for alpah2 receptors?

A

YOHIMBINE

69
Q

Is there a universal agonist and/or antagonist for all alpha receptors? If there is, what is the name of the drug?

A

ONLY has a universal ANTAGONIST –> PHENTOLAMINE

70
Q

Is there a universal agonist and/or antagonist for all beta receptors? If there is, what is the name of the drug?

A

universal agonist: INA
universal antagonist: PROPRANOLOL

71
Q

Which drug acts as an agonist for beta1 receptors?

A

DOBUTAMINE

72
Q

What is the main drug that acts as an antagonist for beta1 receptors?

A

METROPROLOL (and atenolol, esmolol, acebutolol)

73
Q

Which drug acts as an agonist for beta2 receptors?

A

SALBUTAMOL

74
Q

Which drug acts as an antagonist for beta2 receptors?

A

no important examples apparently

75
Q

Which G protein(s) is/are mainly linked with alpha adrenoreceptors?

A

Gq

76
Q

Which G protein(s) is/are linked with beta adrenoreceptors?

A

Gs

77
Q

Which G protein(s) is/are linked with alpha2 adrenoreceptors?

A

Gi

PMCOL 343 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions