autonomic nervous system Flashcards
autonomic neurotransmitters: recall autonomic neurotransmitters and their anatomical sites of release; list the principle stages of biosynthesis and metabolism
parasympathetic neurotransmitter at pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic synapses
acetylcholine
sympathetic neurotransmitter between pre-sympathetic (brain to spinal cord) and pre-ganglionic neurones
glutamate
sympathetic neurotransmitter between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic synapse
acetylcholine
sympathetic neurotransmitter between post-ganglionic and effector organs
noradrenaline
when is the sympathetic neurotransmitter between post-ganglionic and effector organs acetylcholine
sweat glands
when is the sympathetic neurotransmitter between post-ganglionic and effector organs dopamine
renal vessels
why is the sympathetic adrenal significant
doesn’t pass through ganglia; glutamate is released to stimulate the adrenal gland, where acetylcholine is released; adrenaline or noradrenaline are then released to effector organs (heart and vessels)
what neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic somatic and what is the target organ
glutamate then acetylcholine, which synapses directly on effector organ such as skeletal muscle
where does dopamine and noradrenaline biosynthesis occur
in vesicles of pre-synaptic neurones
where does biosynthesis of precursors occur
cytoplasm
what are the stages of noradrenaline biosynthesis
L-phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA → dopamine → noradrenaline
what two components are required for acetylcholine biosynthesis
acetate and choline
what enzyme catalyses acetylcholine biosynthesis
choline acetyltransferase
what enyzme catalyses the breakdown of acetylcholine in synapses
acetylcholinesterase
