Authority 2

Question 1

what are axioms

what are assumptions

Answer 1

axioms and self evident truths,
based on rigorous examination and logic. universally accepted and serve as foundation for logical system. Not subject to debate or question

assumptions are statements or beliefs accepted as true without evidence. To simplify problems and are a starting point for further discussion.
they can be challenged or revised

Question 1

Logical Fallacies:
* Bandwagon Fallacy:
* Slippery Slope:
* Ad Hominem:
* False Dichotomy:
* Straw Man:

Answer 1

• Ad Hominem: Attacking the person instead of the argument.
• Straw Man: Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
• Slippery Slope: Arguing that a specific action will lead to an undesirable
  outcome.
• False Dichotomy: Presenting only two options when more exist.
• Bandwagon Fallacy: Believing something is true because many others do

Question 2

Three subclasses of science

Answer 2

• Natural Sciences: physics, chemistry, geology, biology…
• Social Sciences: human society and social relationships, economics…
• Formal Sciences: logic, mathematics, statistics…
• Each classification of science will have a specific form of research that
  is associated with it… and different epistemological and ontological
  foundations!
  24

Question 3

Traditionally, questions must address an issue that is falsifiable.

• Falsifiable –
• This aspect of the development of a research question (hypothesis) is one of the dividers between…

Answer 3

Traditionally, questions must address an issue that is falsifiable.

• Falsifiable – the ability / capacity to definitively prove something wrong!
  Conclusions cannot be drawn from simple observation of a particular
  phenomenon.
• This does not mean that no information can be gathered from this process.
• This aspect of the development of a research question (hypothesis) is one of the dividers between quantitative and qualitative research, as well as
  observational and experimental research.

Question 4

steps of this

hypothesis:
Replication:

Peer Review

Answer 4

Hypothesis testing:
Researchers propose hypotheses based on existing knowledge, then design and conduct experiments or studies to test these hypotheses. The results either support or refute the hypotheses.

When researchers independently reproduce the results of a study, it increases confidence in the findings. If replication fails, it may indicate potential errors, biases, or false positives, prompting further investigation.

experts in the field critically evaluate a study’s methodology, results, and conclusions, helps to ensure the quality and validity of published research. This process allows for the identification of errors, inconsistencies, or biases and can lead to improvements in the research before it is disseminated to the broader scientific community

Question 5

Steps of this

publicaiton and communication

feedback and criticism

Paradigm shift

Answer 5

Publication and communication: By publishing and presenting their
findings, researchers contribute to the collective knowledge in their field.
This allows others to build upon, refine, or challenge existing theories and
findings, fostering the iterative and self-correcting nature of research.

Feedback and criticism: Researchers constantly engage in discussions, debates, and critiques, questioning and challenging each other’s work. This exchange of ideas and perspectives helps to identify potential flaws, refine theories, and stimulate new research directions.

Sometimes, research leads to significant shifts in our understanding of a subject, known as paradigm shifts. These occur when a new theory or framework better explains the available evidence than the existing dominant paradigm, leading to a fundamental change in the way a field is understood.

Question 6

technological advancement

OVERALL

Answer 6

Technological advancements: As technology advances, researchers gain
access to new tools, techniques, and data sources that can reveal
previously unknown information or provide more accurate measurements.
These advancements can help refine existing theories or uncover new
phenomena, contributing to the self-correcting nature of research.

Overall, the iterative and self-correcting nature of research ensures that our
understanding of the world is continuously refined, as new evidence emerges, and previous findings are re-evaluated. This process is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the development of increasingly accurate and comprehensive theories.