AUBF Lab Stool&Urine MicroMacro

Question 1

Human feces is called as

Answer 1

STOOL

Question 2

Feces: latin term ______ meaning RESIDUE.

Answer 2

faex

Question 3

It is the waste residue of indigestible materials of an animal’s digestive tract expelled through the anus during defecation.

Answer 3

Stool

Question 4

______ is newborn’s first feces.

Answer 4

Meconium

Question 5

______ or ________ is the study of feces.

Answer 5

SCATOLOGY or CAPROLOGY

Question 6

COMPOSITION of stool

Answer 6

o 3/4 Water, 1/4 Solid
 Undigested and Unabsorbed food
 Intestinal secretions, Mucous Bile
pigments and Salts
 Bacteria and Inorganic material
 Epithelial cells, Leukocytes

Question 7

Stool collection: Stool should be collected in a (3) container.

Answer 7

dry, sterilized, wide mouthed

Question 8

Stool collection: It should be _______ with Urine or any other body secretions.

Answer 8

uncontaminated

Question 9

Stool collection: Properly _____ and always a ______ sample should be tested.

Answer 9

named; fresh

Question 10

MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION of stool includes: (6)

Answer 10

o Volume
o Color
o Consistency
o Odor
o Blood, Mucous
o Parts of parasite and Adult parasite

Question 11

Human fecal matter is normally ______ in color which result from a combination of ____ and _____

Answer 11

yellowish brown; bile and bilirubin

Question 12

Variation of stool colors (8)

Answer 12

o Bright Red/Maroon o Blood streak
o Yellow
o Green
o Black Blue o Tan/Clay
o White
o Pale greasy

Question 13

Exclusively breast fed infants pass ____ and ____ or _____ and _____ stool.

Answer 13

loose and green or pasty and yellow

Question 14

Infants fed on cows’ milk preparations pass stools of a _____ color and of a much
______ consistency

Answer 14

paler yellow; firmer

Question 15

Babies fed on newer modified cows’ milk
preparations have ____ colored or ______
stools.

Answer 15

clay; greenish

Question 16

Some healthy children may pass frequent,
______ stools containing undigested vegetable matter called as ______ diarrhea.

Answer 16

loose; Toddler’s

Question 17

Separate hard lumps, like nuts. Hard to pass

Answer 17

Type 1

Question 18

Sausage-shaped but lumpy

Answer 18

Type 2

Question 19

Like sausage but with cracks on the surface

Answer 19

Type 3

Question 20

Like sausage or snake, smooth and soft

Answer 20

Type 4

Question 21

Soft blobs with clear-cut edges.
Passed easily

Answer 21

Type 5

Question 22

Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool

Answer 22

Type 6

Question 23

Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely Liquid.

Answer 23

Type 7

Question 24

Stool odor: Basically depends on the ____ of the stool and _______ and ______ are the substances that produce normal odor formed by Intestinal bacterial fermentation and putrefaction.

Answer 24

pH; INDOLE and SKETOLE

Question 25

Stool odor: A foul odor is caused by degradation of _______ and excessive ______ intake.

Answer 25

undigested protein; carbohydrate

Question 26

Stool odor: Sickly sweet odor is produced by?

Answer 26

undigested Lactose.

Question 27

Diarrhea mixed with mucous and Blood is suggestive of:

Answer 27

Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Typhus, Large bowel Carcinoma.

Question 28

Diarrhea mixed with mucous and Pus is suggestive of:

Answer 28

Ulcerative Colitis, Regional Enteritis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Acute diverticulitis, Intestinal TB.

Question 29

Pasty stool with high fat content is suggestive of:

Answer 29

CBD Obstruction, Cystic fibrosis-butter stool.

Question 30

Translucent gelatinous mucous clinging to the surface of the formed stool is found in:

Answer 30

Spastic Constipation, Excessive straining, Mucous colitis.

Question 31

Rice water stools which is colorless and almost devoid of odor is suggestive of?

Answer 31

Cholera

Question 32

Stools may look like Redcurrant jelly in?

Answer 32

Intussusception

Question 33

PARASITE that may be present in the stool (5)

Answer 33

Round worm Hook worm Tape worm Pin worm Whip worm

Question 34

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: SLIDE PREPARATION

Answer 34

1. A drop of warm Saline or Lugol's lodine is placed over a clean microscopic slide. 2. About 2mg of stool sample should be taken and mixed with solution placed over the slide. 3. Coverslip is placed avoiding air bubbles. 4. Examined under Microscope

Question 35

______ METHOD to detect Ova.

Answer 35

CONCENTRATION

Question 36

____ stools are best for detecting Ova or parasites. Do not_______ the specimen.

Answer 36

Warm; refrigerate

Question 37

Because of cyclic life cycle of parasites, _______ random stool specimens are recommended for examination

Answer 37

three separate

Question 38

Eggs of Pin worm - _________ rarely appear in stools. These are usually collected in the folds of skin in ______ region.

Answer 38

Enterobius vermicularis; perianal

Question 39

o COLLECTION  _____ swab/______ patch - Anus especially in _______ - Dipped in _____ – Observed

Answer 39

Cotton; Plaster; early morning; Saline

Question 40

NORMAL VALUES of Undigested food materials in stool

Answer 40

None to small amount

Question 41

NORMAL VALUES of in Starch stool

Answer 41

None

Question 42

NORMAL VALUES of in Eggs, Cysts, Parasitic fragments stool

Answer 42

None

Question 43

NORMAL VALUES of in Yeasts stool

Answer 43

None

Question 44

NORMAL VALUES of Leukocytes in stool

Answer 44

None

Question 45

Large amounts of leukocytes is suggestive of :

Answer 45

Chronic Ulcerative Colitis, Chronic Bacillary Dysentery, Localized Abscess, Fistulas.

Question 46

Mononuclear Leukocytes appear in:

Answer 46

Typhoid

Question 47

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes appear in :

Answer 47

Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Invasive E. coli PINWORM diarrhea, Ulcerative Colitis.

Question 48

Absent Leukocytes in:

Answer 48

Cholera, Viral diarrhea, Non-specific diarrhea, Amoebic Colitis, Giardiasis.

Question 49

HOOKWORM

Answer 49

Ancylostoma duodenale

Question 50

ROUNDWROM

Answer 50

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 51

WHIPWORM

Answer 51

Trichuris trichura

Question 52

PINWORM

Answer 52

Enterobius vermicularis

Question 53

TAPEWORM

Answer 53

Taenia solium- pork Taenia saginata- beef

Question 54

ENTAMOEBA

Answer 54

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 55

GIARDIASIS

Answer 55

Giardia lamblia

Question 56

Normal Microbial flora of GI tract contains following organisms. Gram-ve:

Answer 56

E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides.

Question 57

Normal Microbial flora of GI tract contains following organisms. Gram +ve:

Answer 57

Clostridia, Lactobacilli, Enterococci, Anaerobic streptococci.

Question 58

Human feces contain approximately ______ organisms per gram wet weight as normal flora. Whereas gut bacterial pathogens rarely exceed _____ organisms per gram.

Answer 58

10^11; 10^5

Question 59

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION - Water- - pH- - Occult tblood- - Bile - _______ in Adults ______ in Children - Sodium - - Chlorides - - Potassium - - Lipids/Fatty acids - - Nitrogen-

Answer 59

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Water-Up to 75% pH-5.8 to7.5 Occul tblood, RS-Negative Bile - Negative in Adults Positive in Children Sodium -5.8 to 9.8 mEq/24hrs Chlorides -2.5 to 3.9 mEq/24hrs Potassium - 15.7 to 20.7 mEq/24hrs Lipids/Fatty acids - 0 to 6 gms/24hrs Nitrogen-<2.5g/24hrs

Question 60

Stool: Increased pH-

Answer 60

ALKALINE Colitis

Question 61

Stool: Increased pH-ALKALINE Colitis is found in

Answer 61

o Antibiotic use o Villous adenoma o Excess Protein in diet.

Question 62

Stool: Decreased pH-

Answer 62

ACIDIC

Question 63

Stool: Decreased pH-ACIDIC is found in

Answer 63

o Carbohydrate Malabsorption o Fat Malabsorption o Disaccharidase deficiency

Question 64

Occult blood PRINCIPLE-

Answer 64

BENZIDINE TEST

Question 65

Peroxidase action of hemoglobin in blood converts hydrogen peroxide to _____ and ______. This oxygen oxidizes benzidine in acid medium to form _____ to _____ colored complex.

Answer 65

water and nascent oxygen; green to blue

Question 66

Occult blood in stool is found in:

Answer 66

o Ulcers, o Diverticulitis o Ulcerative Colitis o Diaphragmatic Hernia o Adenoma, o CA Colon, Gastrium

Question 67

Increased Fats in stool is associated with Malabsorption Syndromes and conditions such as:

Answer 67

o Obstructive Jaundice o Non tropical sprue/Coeliac Sprue o Crohn's disease o Cystic Fibrosis o Whipple's disease o Enteritis and Pancreatic diseases o Surgical removal of section of Intestine

Question 68

Stool is tested for RS especially in infants with Chronic diarrhea to rule out ______

Answer 68

Lactose Intolerance.

Question 69

Stool will be positive for RS in variety of conditions especially in ______Infection in Infants.

Answer 69

Rota viral

Question 70

Urine is A/K as

Answer 70

'liquid biopsy of the urinary tract'

Question 71

_____ consists of various microscopic, insoluble, solid elements in suspension.

Answer 71

Urine

Question 72

Urine consists of various microscopic, insoluble, solid elements in suspension. These elements divided into (2)

Answer 72

organized and unorganized substances.

Question 73

Organized substances in urine includes (6)

Answer 73

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, cast, bacteria & parasites

Question 74

Unorganized substances in the urine includes (2)

Answer 74

crystalline and amorphous material

Question 75

Main aim of microscopic examination of urine is to identify different (2)

Answer 75

cellular elements and casts.

Question 76

Urine Micro Exam: Cellular elements are best preserved in

Answer 76

hypertonic acidic urine.

Question 77

(3) concentrated sample is preferred.

Answer 77

First morning, mid-stream, freshly voided

Question 78

Should be examined within _______. of voiding because cells and casts begin to ______ within 2 hrs of collection.

Answer 78

1-2 hrs; lyse

Question 79

If delay is suspected: ______ or ______ can be used as preservative; or urine can be refrigerated at _______.

Answer 79

Formalin (40%) or thymol; 2-8°C (not >1 hr)

Question 80

Urine Micro Exam: ________ is separated & used for chemical analysis.

Answer 80

Supernatant

Question 81

Unstained normal erythrocytes appear as pale biconcave disks about?

Answer 81

7 μm in D

Question 82

If the urine specimen is not fresh RBCs may appear as ______, ________, or _______ because the ______ may dissolves out.

Answer 82

faint, colorless circles or shadow cells;

Question 83

In hypertonic urine, RBCs become _______ and appear as small rough cells with crinkled edges.

Answer 83

crenated

Question 84

In dilute urine the cells will ______ and _____, releasing Hb and leaving only cell membranes (______).

Answer 84

swell and rapidly lyse; ghost cells

Question 85

______ RBCs in GN

Answer 85

Dysmorphic

Question 86

RBCs may be confused with_______ and _____

Answer 86

oil droplets and yeast cells.

Question 87

______ exhibit a greater variation in size and are highly refractile.

Answer 87

Oil droplets

Question 88

______ are more oval, show budding.

Answer 88

Yeast cells

Question 89

If identification is difficult, 2 preparation may be made and a few drops of _______ added to the one. RBCs are _____ in the acidified preparation.

Answer 89

acetic acid; lysed

Question 90

RBCs: 0-2 /HPF

Answer 90

Normals

Question 91

_______ in two of the three properly collected urine sample: Microscopic hematuria.

Answer 91

Greater than or equal to 3 per HPF

Question 92

Greater than or equal to 3/HPF in two of the three properly collected urine sample:

Answer 92

Microscopic hematuria.

Question 93

Increased no. of RBCs are seen in

Answer 93

GN, LN, Berger's disease, HSP etc

Question 94

_______ is the most predominant lymphocyte that appear in urine.

Answer 94

Neutrophil

Question 95

When cellular degeneration has begun, nuclear details may be lost, and neutrophils may then become difficult to distinguish from?

Answer 95

renal tubular epithelial cells.

Question 96

Urine Micro exam: ________ may enhance nuclear detail so that differentiation may still be possible.

Answer 96

Dilute acetic acid/ supravital stain

Question 97

_________ is also useful in distinguishing neutrophils from tubular cells.

Answer 97

Peroxidase cytochemical reaction

Question 98

Ultimately with continued degeneration, __________ segments fuse, making difficult/impossible to distinguish from mononuclear cells.

Answer 98

neutrophilic nuclear

Question 99

In dilute or hypotonic urine the neutrophils are called?

Answer 99

glitter cells.