Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals > AUBF Lab Stool&Urine MicroMacro > Flashcards

AUBF Lab Stool&Urine MicroMacro Flashcards

1
Q

Human feces is called as

A

STOOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Feces: latin term ______ meaning RESIDUE.

A

faex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

It is the waste residue of indigestible materials of an animal’s digestive tract expelled through the anus during defecation.

A

Stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ is newborn’s first feces.

A

Meconium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ or ________ is the study of feces.

A

SCATOLOGY or CAPROLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

COMPOSITION of stool

A

o 3/4 Water, 1/4 Solid
 Undigested and Unabsorbed food
 Intestinal secretions, Mucous Bile
pigments and Salts
 Bacteria and Inorganic material
 Epithelial cells, Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stool collection: Stool should be collected in a (3) container.

A

dry, sterilized, wide mouthed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stool collection: It should be _______ with Urine or any other body secretions.

A

uncontaminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stool collection: Properly _____ and always a ______ sample should be tested.

A

named; fresh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION of stool includes: (6)

A

o Volume
o Color
o Consistency
o Odor
o Blood, Mucous
o Parts of parasite and Adult parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Human fecal matter is normally ______ in color which result from a combination of ____ and _____

A

yellowish brown; bile and bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Variation of stool colors (8)

A

o Bright Red/Maroon o Blood streak
o Yellow
o Green
o Black Blue o Tan/Clay
o White
o Pale greasy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exclusively breast fed infants pass ____ and ____ or _____ and _____ stool.

A

loose and green or pasty and yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Infants fed on cows’ milk preparations pass stools of a _____ color and of a much
______ consistency

A

paler yellow; firmer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Babies fed on newer modified cows’ milk
preparations have ____ colored or ______
stools.

A

clay; greenish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some healthy children may pass frequent,
______ stools containing undigested vegetable matter called as ______ diarrhea.

A

loose; Toddler’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Separate hard lumps, like nuts. Hard to pass

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sausage-shaped but lumpy

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Like sausage but with cracks on the surface

A

Type 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Like sausage or snake, smooth and soft

A

Type 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Soft blobs with clear-cut edges.
Passed easily

A

Type 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool

A

Type 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely Liquid.

A

Type 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stool odor: Basically depends on the ____ of the stool and _______ and ______ are the substances that produce normal odor formed by Intestinal bacterial fermentation and putrefaction.

A

pH; INDOLE and SKETOLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stool odor: A foul odor is caused by degradation of _______ and excessive ______ intake.

A

undigested protein; carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stool odor: Sickly sweet odor is produced by?

A

undigested Lactose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diarrhea mixed with mucous and Blood is suggestive of:

A

Typhoid, Amoebiasis, Typhus, Large bowel Carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diarrhea mixed with mucous and Pus is suggestive of:

A

Ulcerative Colitis, Regional Enteritis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Acute diverticulitis, Intestinal TB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pasty stool with high fat content is suggestive of:

A

CBD Obstruction, Cystic fibrosis-butter stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Translucent gelatinous mucous clinging to the surface of the formed stool is found in:

A

Spastic Constipation, Excessive straining,
Mucous colitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Rice water stools which is colorless and almost devoid of odor is suggestive of?

A

Cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stools may look like Redcurrant jelly in?

A

Intussusception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

PARASITE that may be present in the stool (5)

A

Round worm
Hook worm
Tape worm
Pin worm
Whip worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: SLIDE PREPARATION

A
  1. A drop of warm Saline or Lugol’s lodine
    is placed over a clean microscopic slide.
  2. About 2mg of stool sample should be taken and mixed with solution placed
    over the slide.
  3. Coverslip is placed avoiding air bubbles.
  4. Examined under Microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

______ METHOD to detect Ova.

A

CONCENTRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

____ stools are best for detecting Ova or
parasites. Do not_______ the specimen.

A

Warm; refrigerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Because of cyclic life cycle of parasites, _______ random stool specimens
are recommended for examination

A

three separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Eggs of Pin worm - _________ rarely appear in stools. These are usually collected in the folds of skin in ______
region.

A

Enterobius vermicularis; perianal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

o COLLECTION
 _____ swab/______ patch - Anus especially in _______ - Dipped in _____ – Observed

A

Cotton; Plaster; early morning; Saline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

NORMAL VALUES of Undigested food materials in stool

A

None to small amount

41
Q

NORMAL VALUES of in Starch stool

A

None

42
Q

NORMAL VALUES of in Eggs, Cysts, Parasitic fragments stool

A

None

43
Q

NORMAL VALUES of in Yeasts stool

A

None

44
Q

NORMAL VALUES of Leukocytes in stool

A

None

45
Q

Large amounts of leukocytes is suggestive of :

A

Chronic Ulcerative Colitis, Chronic Bacillary Dysentery, Localized Abscess, Fistulas.

46
Q

Mononuclear Leukocytes appear in:

A

Typhoid

47
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes appear in :

A

Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Invasive E. coli PINWORM diarrhea, Ulcerative Colitis.

48
Q

Absent Leukocytes in:

A

Cholera, Viral diarrhea, Non-specific diarrhea, Amoebic Colitis, Giardiasis.

49
Q

HOOKWORM

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

50
Q

ROUNDWROM

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

51
Q

WHIPWORM

A

Trichuris trichura

52
Q

PINWORM

A

Enterobius vermicularis

53
Q

TAPEWORM

A

Taenia solium- pork
Taenia saginata- beef

54
Q

ENTAMOEBA

A

Entamoeba histolytica

55
Q

GIARDIASIS

A

Giardia lamblia

56
Q

Normal Microbial flora of GI tract contains following organisms. Gram-ve:

A

E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides.

57
Q

Normal Microbial flora of GI tract contains following organisms. Gram +ve:

A

Clostridia, Lactobacilli, Enterococci, Anaerobic streptococci.

58
Q

Human feces contain approximately ______ organisms per gram wet weight as normal flora. Whereas gut bacterial pathogens rarely exceed _____ organisms per gram.

A

10^11; 10^5

59
Q

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
- Water-
- pH-
- Occult tblood-
- Bile - _______ in Adults
______ in Children
- Sodium -
- Chlorides -
- Potassium -
- Lipids/Fatty acids -
- Nitrogen-

A

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Water-Up to 75%
pH-5.8 to7.5
Occul tblood, RS-Negative
Bile - Negative in Adults
Positive in Children
Sodium -5.8 to 9.8 mEq/24hrs
Chlorides -2.5 to 3.9 mEq/24hrs
Potassium - 15.7 to 20.7 mEq/24hrs
Lipids/Fatty acids - 0 to 6 gms/24hrs
Nitrogen-<2.5g/24hrs

60
Q

Stool: Increased pH-

A

ALKALINE Colitis

61
Q

Stool: Increased pH-ALKALINE Colitis is found in

A

o Antibiotic use
o Villous adenoma
o Excess Protein in diet.

62
Q

Stool: Decreased pH-

A

ACIDIC

63
Q

Stool: Decreased pH-ACIDIC is found in

A

o Carbohydrate Malabsorption
o Fat Malabsorption
o Disaccharidase deficiency

64
Q

Occult blood PRINCIPLE-

A

BENZIDINE TEST

65
Q

Peroxidase action of hemoglobin in blood converts hydrogen peroxide to _____ and ______. This oxygen oxidizes benzidine in acid medium to form _____ to _____ colored complex.

A

water and nascent oxygen; green to blue

66
Q

Occult blood in stool is found in:

A

o Ulcers,
o Diverticulitis
o Ulcerative Colitis
o Diaphragmatic Hernia
o Adenoma,
o CA Colon, Gastrium

67
Q

Increased Fats in stool is associated with Malabsorption Syndromes and conditions such as:

A

o Obstructive Jaundice
o Non tropical sprue/Coeliac Sprue
o Crohn’s disease
o Cystic Fibrosis
o Whipple’s disease
o Enteritis and Pancreatic diseases
o Surgical removal of section of
Intestine

68
Q

Stool is tested for RS especially in infants with Chronic diarrhea to rule out ______

A

Lactose Intolerance.

69
Q

Stool will be positive for RS in variety of conditions especially in ______Infection in Infants.

A

Rota viral

70
Q

Urine is A/K as

A

‘liquid biopsy of the urinary tract’

71
Q

_____ consists of various microscopic, insoluble, solid elements in suspension.

A

Urine

72
Q

Urine consists of various microscopic, insoluble, solid elements in suspension. These elements divided into (2)

A

organized and unorganized substances.

73
Q

Organized substances in urine includes (6)

A

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, cast, bacteria & parasites

74
Q

Unorganized substances in the urine includes (2)

A

crystalline and amorphous material

75
Q

Main aim of microscopic examination of urine is to identify different (2)

A

cellular elements and casts.

76
Q

Urine Micro Exam: Cellular elements are best preserved in

A

hypertonic acidic urine.

77
Q

(3) concentrated sample is preferred.

A

First morning, mid-stream, freshly voided

78
Q

Should be examined within _______. of voiding because cells and casts begin to ______ within 2 hrs of collection.

A

1-2 hrs; lyse

79
Q

If delay is suspected: ______ or ______ can be used as preservative; or urine can be refrigerated at _______.

A

Formalin (40%) or thymol; 2-8°C (not >1 hr)

80
Q

Urine Micro Exam: ________ is separated & used for chemical analysis.

A

Supernatant

81
Q

Unstained normal erythrocytes appear as pale biconcave disks about?

A

7 μm in D

82
Q

If the urine specimen is not fresh RBCs may appear as ______, ________, or _______ because the ______ may dissolves out.

A

faint, colorless circles or shadow cells;

83
Q

In hypertonic urine, RBCs become _______ and appear as small rough cells with crinkled edges.

A

crenated

84
Q

In dilute urine the cells will ______ and _____, releasing Hb and leaving only cell membranes (______).

A

swell and rapidly lyse; ghost cells

85
Q

______ RBCs in GN

A

Dysmorphic

86
Q

RBCs may be confused with_______ and _____

A

oil droplets and yeast cells.

87
Q

______ exhibit a greater variation in size and are highly refractile.

A

Oil droplets

88
Q

______ are more oval, show budding.

A

Yeast cells

89
Q

If identification is difficult, 2 preparation may be made and a few drops of _______ added to the one. RBCs are _____ in the acidified preparation.

A

acetic acid; lysed

90
Q

RBCs: 0-2 /HPF

A

Normals

91
Q

_______ in two of the three properly collected urine sample: Microscopic hematuria.

A

Greater than or equal to 3 per HPF

92
Q

Greater than or equal to 3/HPF in two of the three properly collected urine sample:

A

Microscopic hematuria.

93
Q

Increased no. of RBCs are seen in

A

GN, LN, Berger’s disease, HSP etc

94
Q

_______ is the most predominant lymphocyte that appear in urine.

A

Neutrophil

95
Q

When cellular degeneration has begun, nuclear details may be lost, and neutrophils may then become difficult to distinguish from?

A

renal tubular epithelial cells.

96
Q

Urine Micro exam: ________ may enhance nuclear detail so that differentiation may still be possible.

A

Dilute acetic acid/ supravital stain

97
Q

_________ is also useful in distinguishing neutrophils from tubular cells.

A

Peroxidase cytochemical reaction

98
Q

Ultimately with continued degeneration, __________ segments fuse, making difficult/impossible to distinguish from mononuclear cells.

A

neutrophilic nuclear

99
Q

In dilute or hypotonic urine the neutrophils are called?

A

glitter cells.

Finals (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions