Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Flashcards
potential causes of ADHD
genetics perinatal precipitants (tobacco, alcohol, drugs, foetal distress, eclampsia, viral infections)
brain changes in ADHD
underactive frontal lobe reduced dopamine (alertness) reduced NA (attention) reduced serotonin (social behaviour)
presentation of ADHD
triad of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (need a minimum of 6 symptoms) self-dysregulation developmentally inappropriate impair function longstanding from age 5 pervasive
self-dysregulation
executive functioning
emotional regulation
impacts on childhood in ADHD
difficulty parenting home stress reckless behaviour developmentally inappropriate decision making antisocial behaviour
impacts on adulthood in ADHD
psychiatric comorbidities
antisocial behaviour
substance misuse
occupational functional impairment
diagnosis of ADHD
childhood= school observation, screening questionnaires, early history exploration adults= historical concerns
non-pharmacological management of ADHD
psychosocial interventions= social skills, education and parenting interventions
pharmacological management of ADHD
- 1st line stimulants= methylphenidate (increases dopamine), dexamfetamine (increases NA and possibly 5-HT) and lisdexamfetamine
- 2nd line SNRI= atomoxetine
- 3rd line alpha agonist= clonidine and guanfacine
- 4th line antidepressants (imipramine) or antipsychotics (risperidone)
when is separation anxiety normal?
7 months to preschool
what is separation anxiety disorder (SAD)?
age inappropriate and excessive disabling anxiety
examples of behavioural disorders
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in under 12s conduct disorder (CD) in over 12s
what are behavioural disorders indicators for?
antisocial behaviour in later life
management of behavioural disorders
parent/ social services
