Atomic Structure with reference to Quantum Theory

Question 1

What are atomic Orbitals?

Answer 1

Orbitals are regions of probability where electrons can be found.

Question 2

What kind of clouds may host electrons and what are their shapes?

Answer 2

S-orbital = Spherical
P-Orbital = Dumbbell
D-Orbital = Double Dumbbell
F-Orbital = Connection of three dumbbells

Question 3

What are the 4 quantum numbers?

Answer 3

Main quantum number n
Orbital quantum number l
Magnetic Quantum number ml
Spin quantum number ms

Question 4

What does Quantum Number n characterize and what values does it have??

Answer 4

It represents the energy level of the electron and the degree of its removal from the core.
It has positive integer values (1,2,3,4,5…e.t.c)

Question 5

What is the momentum quantum number l and what are its values?

Answer 5

The values are anywhere from 0 to n-1
And it describes the shape of the orbital
When L=0, it describes s-orbitals which are spherical
When L=1, we are describing P-orbitals(3 per energy level)
When L=2, we are describing D-orbitals(5 per energy level)
When L=3, we are describing F-Orbitals(7 per energy level)

Question 6

What is the magnetic quantum number ml?

Answer 6

This quantum number can have a value from +l to - l

So if L = 2, ml is equal to -2,-1,0,1,2
It determines how many orbitals of a type are present per energy level

Question 7

What is the spin quantum number ms?

Answer 7

Values are +1/2 or -1/2

Question 8

What is the Pauli Principle?

Answer 8

This principle states that an atom cannot have two electrons with the same value of all four quantum numbers

Question 9

What is the Klechkovsky rule?

Answer 9

According to this rule, sequential filling electron orbitals in an atom come from orbital with smaller value of the sum of the principal and orbital quantum number (n+1) to the orbitals with a large value of this sum

Question 10

What does the failure of an electron lead to?

Answer 10

Transition of an electron from an external, higher energy level, to an external, lower energy level. This is due to the greater energy stability of the resulting electronic configuration.

Question 11

What are some atoms where the electron fail?

Answer 11

Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Silver (Ag), Platinum (Pt), Gold (Au), Lead (Pb)