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ATI VIDEOS Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

Sensory neurons detect tissue damage through neurotransmitter sensitization of nociceptors

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2
Q

Transmission

A

A pain impulse is transmitted from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord, the brainstem, the thalamus, and finally the somatic sensory cortex, where the impulse is perceived as pain

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3
Q

Perception

A

the person’s conscious awareness of the pain

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4
Q

Modulation of pain

A

occurs as descending regulatory mechanisms help prevent continuous transmission of pain signals.

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5
Q

airborne precautions

A

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted from an infected person by pathogens propelled through the air on particles smaller than 5 µm in size to a susceptible person’s eyes, nose, or mouth

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6
Q

antibody

A

a type of protein the immune system produces to neutralize a threat of some kind, such as an infecting organism, a chemical, or some other foreign body

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7
Q

antimicrobial

A

able to destroy or suppress the growth of pathogens and other micro-organisms

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8
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that reduces the number of pathogens present on a surface

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9
Q

asepsis

A

methods used to assure that an environment is as pathogen-free as possible

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10
Q

aseptic

A

as pathogen-free as possible

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11
Q

bacteriostasis

A

the inhibition of further bacterial growth

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12
Q

chlorhexidine

A

an antibacterial compound with substantial residual activity that is used as a liquid antiseptic and disinfectant

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13
Q

contact precautions

A

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted by the physical transfer of pathogens to a susceptible host’s body surface

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14
Q

contamination

A

the process of becoming unsterile or unclean

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15
Q

disinfectant

A

any chemical agent used to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful organisms

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16
Q

droplet precautions

A

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted from an infected person by pathogens propelled through the air on particles larger than 5 µm in size to a susceptible person’s eyes, nose, or mouth

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17
Q

endemic

A

prevalent in or characteristic of a particular environment

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18
Q

endogenous

A

produced within an organism or system rather than externally caused

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19
Q

epidemic

A

extremely prevalent or widespread

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20
Q

exogenous

A

externally caused rather than produced within an organism or system

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21
Q

flora

A

the aggregate of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms normally found in a particular environment, such as the gastrointestinal tract or the skin

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22
Q

hyperendemic

A

at an especially high level of continued incidence in a population

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23
Q

immunosuppression

A

the inhibition of the body’s protective response to pathogenic invasion, usually as a result of disease, drug therapy, or surgery

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24
Q

infection

A

invasion and proliferation of pathogens in body tissues

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25
Q

isolation

A

the separation of an infected person from others for the period of communicability of a particular disease

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26
Q

medical asepsis

A

infection-control practices common in healthcare, such as basic handwashing

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27
Q

retrovirus

A

any of a large group of RNA-based viruses that tend to infect immunocompromised individuals, including the human immunodeficiency virus and many cancer-causing viruses

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28
Q

sepsis

A

the presence in blood or other tissues of pathogens or their toxins

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29
Q

transmission-based precaution

A

measures taken to prevent the spread of diseases from people suspected to be infected or colonized with highly transmissible pathogens that require measures beyond standard precautions to interrupt transmission, specifically, airborne, droplet, and contact precautions

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30
Q

vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)

A

a strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that has become resistant to the antibacterial action of the antibiotic vancomycin

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31
Q

acute pain

A

transient discomfort or physical distress signaling actual or potential tissue damage and characterized by an identifiable cause, a short duration, resolution with healing, and few long-term emotional consequences

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32
Q

addiction

A

referring to drug addiction: a dependence phenomenon characterized by impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving

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33
Q

adjuvant analgesia

A

a drug primarily used to treat something other than pain but also enhances pain relief

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34
Q

alternative therapies

A

treatment approaches, used to replace conventional medical treatments, which are not currently considered part of conventional Western medicine

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35
Q

analgesia

A

absence of sensitivity to pain

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36
Q

analgesic

A

substance used as a pain reliever; a drug that acts to reduce pain, including over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin as well as those available by prescription only

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37
Q

analgesic ceiling

A

the dose of a particular drug beyond which additional amounts of the same drug do not increase the analgesic effect

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38
Q

breakthrough pain

A

a flaring of moderate to severe pain despite therapeutic doses of analgesics

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39
Q

chronic pain

A

a feeling of physical distress or discomfort that persists over a long period of time and does not always have an identifiable cause

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40
Q

complimentary therapies

A

treatment approaches used to complement conventional medical treatments

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41
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root

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42
Q

efficacy

A

the ability of a drug to achieve its desired effect

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43
Q

epidural anesthesia

A

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called spinal anesthesia

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44
Q

nociceptor

A

a peripheral sensory receptor for pain, stimulated by various types of tissue injury

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45
Q

neuropathic pain

A

a type of pain usually felt as burning or tingling and resulting from direct stimulation of nerve tissue of the peripheral or central nervous system

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46
Q

non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

any of a group of drugs that reduce pain, fever, and swelling (inflammation), including aspirin

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47
Q

opioid

A

one of a group of analgesics that act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord to modify perceptions of moderate to severe pain

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48
Q

pain threshold

A

the point at which a person feels pain

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49
Q

pain tolerence

A

the level of pain a person is willing to endure

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50
Q

paresthesia

A

an abnormal burning, prickling, tingling, or numbing sensation or hypersensitivity most often felt in the extremities and typically associated with neuropathic pain

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51
Q

patient controlled analgesia (PCA)

A

a drug delivery system that uses a computerized pump with a button the patient can press to deliver a dose of an analgesic through an intravenous catheter

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52
Q

physical dependence

A

an adaptive state characterized by a drug class-specific withdrawal syndrome induced with abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, or administration of an antagonist

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53
Q

progressive muscle relaxation

A

a systematic, stepwise approach to releasing tension in major muscle groups

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54
Q

somatic pain

A

generally well-localized pain that results from activation of peripheral pain receptors without injury to the peripheral nerve or central nervous system, such as musculoskeletal pain

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55
Q

spinal anesthesia

A

medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block; also called epidural anesthesia

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56
Q

titration

A

the process of gradually adjusting the dose of a medication until the desired effect is achieved

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57
Q

tolerance

A

an adaptive state characterized by a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response

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58
Q

transmission

A

spreading of the pain “message” across the various nerve fibers linking the pain impulse to the brain

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59
Q

visceral pain

A

pain that results from activating the pain receptors of organs in the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal cavities and is felt as a generalized aching or cramping sensation sometimes referred to the surface of the body

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60
Q

visual analog scale

A

a pain rating scale using a straight line; the left end of the line represents no pain, the right end represents the worst pain, and patients mark the place on the line that best represents the severity of their pain

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61
Q

wong baker FACES scale

A

a pain assessment tool that asks patients (often children) to select one of several faces indicating expressions that convey a range from no pain through the worst pain

62
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

the specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with health on an international level, functioning as a directing and coordinating authority on international health, and has developed a three-step pain “ladder” for cancer pain relief

63
Q

antipyretic

A

a substance or procedure that reduces fever

64
Q

apnea

A

temporary or transient cessation of breathing

65
Q

auscultatory gap

A

temporary disappearance of sounds usually heard over the brachial artery, occurring when the cuff pressure is high and is gradually reduced, with the sounds again heard at a lower level of pressure (usually occurring in patients who have hypertension)

66
Q

bradycardia

A

an abnormally slow pulse rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minutes in an adult

67
Q

bradypnea

A

an abnormally slow respiratory rate, usually fewer than 12 breaths per minutes in an adult

68
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart during one minute; the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume

69
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the force exerted when the heart is at rest in between each beat; the lowest pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times

70
Q

dyspnea

A

the sensation of difficult or labored breathing

71
Q

eupnea

A

normal respiration

72
Q

febrile

A

feverish; pertaining to a fever

73
Q

hypertension

A

common cardiovascular disorder, often with no symptoms, in which the blood exerts an abnormal amount of force on the inside walls of the arteries persistently and blood pressure readings are persistently above 120/80 mmHg

74
Q

hypotension

A

a condition in which blood pressure falls below the normal range; not usually considered a problem unless it causes symptoms, such as dizziness or fainting

75
Q

korotkoff sounds

A

a series of five sounds (four sounds followed by an absence of sound) heard during the auscultatory determination of blood pressure and produced by sudden distention of the artery because of the proximally placed pneumatic cuff

76
Q

orthopnea

A

ability to breathe without difficulty only when in an upright position (sitting upright or standing)

77
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

a sudden drop in blood pressure resulting from a change in position, usually when standing up from a sitting or reclining position and often causing dizziness

78
Q

oximetry

A

determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood using a photoelectric device called an oximeter

79
Q

oxygen saturation

A

a clinical measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin that is bound with oxygen in the blood

80
Q

palpation

A

the application of the fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine the condition of the underlying parts

81
Q

pulse deficit

A

the difference between the apical and the radial pulse rates. This condition may indicate a lack of peripheral perfusion for some of the heart contractions.

82
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressures

83
Q

S1

A

the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves close

84
Q

S2

A

the second heart sound, heard when the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves close

85
Q

Sims’ position

A

a side-lying position with the lowermost arm behind the body and the uppermost leg flexed

86
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood entering the aorta with each ventricular contraction

87
Q

systolic pressure

A

the amount of force exerted within the arteries while the heart is actively pumping or contracting; the maximum pressure exerted against the arterial walls

88
Q

tachycardia

A

an abnormally fast pulse rate, usually above 100 beats per minutes in an adult

89
Q

tachypnea

A

an abnormally fast respiratory rate, usually more than 20 breaths per minutes in an adult

90
Q

tympanic

A

pertaining to the ear canal or eardrum (tympanic membrane)

91
Q

doff

A

to remove an article of clothing from the body

92
Q

don

A

to put on (as with an article of clothing) or dress in

93
Q

nosocomial

A

acquired in a hospital, as in nosocomial infection. The term the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now uses for infections associated with healthcare delivery in any setting (hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory settings, home care) is healthcare-associated infection (HAI).

94
Q

perioperative

A

pertaining to the period extending from the time of hospitalization for surgery to the time of discharge; includes the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods

95
Q

strikethough

A

penetration of pathogens, typically bacteria, through surgical drapes, dressings, and other materials, especially as a result of fluid accumulation

96
Q

subungual

A

under a nail

97
Q

aerobic

A

living only in the presence of oxygen

98
Q

anaerobic

A

living only in the absence of oxygen

99
Q

clean voided (midstream) specimen

A

sample of urine collected after beginning to urinate into the toilet, stopping the stream of urine, then urinating into a sterile collection cup

100
Q

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

laboratory cultivation of micro-organisms in a body fluid or substance placed in a special growth medium, followed by the identification of the antibiotic agents that can kill the pathogenic micro-organisms grown

101
Q

exudate

A

material such as fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation

102
Q

guaiac

A

a tree resin used as a reagent in the detection of occult (hidden) blood

103
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

104
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

105
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the plasma

106
Q

ketones

A

any of a class of organic compounds (such as acetone) that are the normal end products of the metabolism of stored fats; accumulation in the urine (ketonuria) is a sign of hyperglycemia in people who have diabetes mellitus

107
Q

lancet

A

a sharp, pointed device used to make small incisions or punctures in the skin

108
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

an enzyme found in some white blood cells, the presence of which in urine is a sign of infection

109
Q

melena

A

black, tarry feces created by the action of intestinal secretions on blood

110
Q

occult blood

A

blood present in such small amounts as to be detectable only by specific diagnostic tests

111
Q

phlebotomy

A

the process of accessing a vein for blood sampling or treatment

112
Q

point of care

A

at or near the site or time of patient care, as in point-of-care testing

113
Q

polyuria

A

excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine

114
Q

septicemia

A

the presence of infective agents or their toxins in the bloodstream

115
Q

sputum

A

mucous secretions from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea

116
Q

tourniquet

A

a stretchable device used to compress blood vessels either to stop bleeding or to assist in obtaining blood samples

117
Q

vacutainer

A

a trade name for an evacuated blood collection tube system

118
Q

venipuncture

A

insertion of a needle into a vein to withdraw blood samples or to establish ongoing access to a vein

119
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size, wasting away, or progressive decline of a body part or tissue

120
Q

contracture

A

a deformity that results from abnormal shortening of muscle tissue, making the muscle highly resistant to stretching

121
Q

distal

A

farthest from the origin of a part

122
Q

dorsiflexion

A

upward bending of the toes and the foot

123
Q

eversion

A

turning of a body part away from the body’s midline

124
Q

gait belt

A

a device, usually a strap of cotton webbing with a buckle, designed to be placed around a patient’s waist to assist with transferring and ambulating the patient

125
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the volume of a tissue or organ produced entirely by enlargement of existing cells

126
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending the toes and the foot downward

127
Q

pronation

A

movement of a body part so that its front or ventral surface faces downward

128
Q

alopecia

A

hair loss

129
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to or directed toward the bucca (cheek), the fleshy portion of the side of the face that makes up the lateral wall of the oral cavity

130
Q

canthus

A

the angular junction of the eyelids at either corner of the eye

131
Q

cheilosis

A

manifestation of vitamin B complex deficiency characterized by reddened lips with fissures at the angles of the mouth

132
Q

corn

A

often painful and inflamed circumscribed lesion of thickened skin, usually on the toes and caused by pressure or friction from ill-fitting shoes

133
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

134
Q

excoriation

A

skin abrasion typically resulting from scratching

135
Q

expectorate

A

to expel fluid or secretions from the mouth, throat, or lungs by coughing and/or spitting

136
Q

fanfolding

A

applying the proximal half of a piece of linen in successive layers lengthwise for the purpose of tucking it under the patient and rolling the patient over it while stripping or making an occupied bed

137
Q

fissure

A

a break, slit, or tear in soft tissue, often at the junction of skin and mucous membrane

138
Q

gingiva

A

the part of the oral mucosa covering the tooth-bearing border of the jaw; also called gums (plural: gingivae)

139
Q

halitosis

A

bad breath

140
Q

incontinence

A

involuntary release of urine from the bladder or feces via the anus

141
Q

incontinent pad

A

disposable material with waterproof backing placed under a patient’s buttocks to contain body fluids

142
Q

lunula

A

active area of nailbed growth at the base of the fingernails and toenails

143
Q

maceration

A

softening or dissolution of tissue after lengthy exposure to fluid

144
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

145
Q

pediculosis

A

lice infestation

146
Q

perineum

A

area between the anus and the posterior portion of the external genitalia

147
Q

periodontal

A

surrounding or near a tooth

148
Q

semi-Fowler’s position

A

position with the head of the bed raised approximately 30 degrees

149
Q

smegma

A

thick, cheesy secretion that accumulates under the labia minora or the male foreskin

150
Q

stomatitis

A

any inflammatory disorder of the mouth

NURSING School (17 decks)

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