Arthrology: Contemporary Classification - Diarthrosis, Classification

Question 1

What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on the number of articulating surfaces?

Answer 1

simple and compound synovial joints

Question 2

What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

Answer 2

only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

Question 3

What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

Answer 3

more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

Question 4

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

Answer 4

within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

Question 5

What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on type of movement?

Answer 5

nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints

Question 6

What movements are accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints?

Answer 6

translational movement, a plane or gliding movement

Question 7

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

Answer 7

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

Question 8

What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?

Answer 8

a single combination of movements relative to a single axis: flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation

Question 9

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as uniaxial?

Answer 9

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

Question 10

What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?

Answer 10

movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion-extension combined with abduction-adduction

Question 11

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as biaxial?

Answer 11

(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

Question 12

What movements are accommodated by multiaxial synovial joints?

Answer 12

combinations of motion including flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, medial rotation-lateral rotation, circumduction, and even translation

Question 13

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as multiaxial?

Answer 13

ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint

Question 14

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?

Answer 14

most zygapophyses of the vertebral column; intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints of the hand; intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints of the foot

Question 15

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

Answer 15

humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes

Question 16

Synovial hinge joints are characterized by strong extracapsular ligaments called what?

Answer 16

collateral ligaments

Question 17

What are the examples of synovial pivot joints?

Answer 17

median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 18

What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?

Answer 18

an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring

Question 19

How do the median atlanto-axial and proximal radio-ulnar joints differ with respect to the pivot point?

Answer 19

In the median atlanto-axial joint, the pivot point is the dens or odontoid process of C2 and it is stationary while the osteo-ligamentous ring formed by the anterior arch of C1 and the transverse atlantal ligament rotates. In the proximal radio-ulnar joint, the pivot point is the head of the radius which rotates within the osteo-ligamentous ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.

Question 20

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or bicondylar joints?

Answer 20

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

Question 21

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

Answer 21

radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot, and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

Question 22

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

Answer 22

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

Question 23

What are examples of synovial saddle joints?

Answer 23

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle, and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

Question 24

What are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?

Answer 24

femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder