Arthrology: Contemporary Classification - Diarthrosis, Classification Flashcards
What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on the number of articulating surfaces?
simple and compound synovial joints
What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on type of movement?
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial synovial joints
What movements are accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints?
translational movement, a plane or gliding movement
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?
a single combination of movements relative to a single axis: flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?
movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion-extension combined with abduction-adduction
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What movements are accommodated by multiaxial synovial joints?
combinations of motion including flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, medial rotation-lateral rotation, circumduction, and even translation
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?
most zygapophyses of the vertebral column; intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints of the hand; intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints of the foot
What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
Synovial hinge joints are characterized by strong extracapsular ligaments called what?
collateral ligaments
What are the examples of synovial pivot joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring
How do the median atlanto-axial and proximal radio-ulnar joints differ with respect to the pivot point?
In the median atlanto-axial joint, the pivot point is the dens or odontoid process of C2 and it is stationary while the osteo-ligamentous ring formed by the anterior arch of C1 and the transverse atlantal ligament rotates. In the proximal radio-ulnar joint, the pivot point is the head of the radius which rotates within the osteo-ligamentous ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot, and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
What are examples of synovial saddle joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle, and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
