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Spinal Anatomy I - Exam 1 > Arthrology: Contemporary Classification - Diarthrosis, Common Features > Flashcards

Arthrology: Contemporary Classification - Diarthrosis, Common Features Flashcards

1
Q

What are the synonyms for synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

junctura synovalis or synovial joint

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2
Q

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid

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3
Q

Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the what?

A

capsular ligament

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4
Q

What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?

A

intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

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5
Q

What are examples of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments?

A

intracapsular ligaments - cruciate ligaments of the knee; extracapsular ligaments - collateral ligaments of the knee

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6
Q

What is the generic function of ligaments?

A

stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?

A

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses, and they monitor the joint “at rest”

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

A

located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine, and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

A

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column, and monitor extreme joint motion

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10
Q

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

A

nociceptive, they monitor pain

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11
Q

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels

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12
Q

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what location?

A

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

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13
Q

Type IV articular receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

A

synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

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14
Q

What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?

A

articular, vaginal, and bursal synovial membrane

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15
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

1) synovial villi, 2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands, 3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

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16
Q

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

aid in spreading synovial fluid

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17
Q

What is the name given to the finger-like extensions of the synovial membrane? What is their apparent function?

A

synovial villi; increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption phenomena

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18
Q

What role will aging have in synovial villi number?

A

synovial villi increase with age

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19
Q

What is another name for the articular fat pad? Where are they located?

A

Haversian gland; in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, and intra-articular disc

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20
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

lumbar zygapophyses

21
Q

Condensed fibrous connective tissue or fibrocartilage projections of the synovial membrane are called what?

A

synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

22
Q

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples?

A

temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and radio-ulnar joints

23
Q

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?

A

femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

24
Q

What are the layers of the synovial membrane?

A

outer fibrous layer and an inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima

25
Q

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

A

are phagocytic

26
Q

What are the specific functions of type B synovial cells?

A

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

27
Q

What is the common function of type A and B synovial cells?

A

formation and absorption of synovial fluid

28
Q

How does the articular cartilage thickness vary within the joint?

A

male (convex) surfaces on bone are thicker at the center of the articular region; female (concave) surfaces on bone are thicker at the periphery of the articular region

29
Q

What is the source of nutrition for articular cartilage?

A

blood vessels in the synovial membrane, sinuses of the bone marrow cavity, and from synovial fluid itself

30
Q

What is unique about the surface of articular cartilage?

A

a true perichondrium is absent

31
Q

What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage?

A

water, cells, collagen type II fibers, and a proteoglycan gel

32
Q

Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?

A

type II

33
Q

What are proteoglycans composed of?

A

a core protein and glycosaminoglycans

34
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

relatively long, non-branched carbohydrates formed from repeating units of disaccharides

35
Q

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans important in articular cartilage?

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, and keratin sulfates

36
Q

What is the architecture of the largest proteoglycans?

A

a backbone of hyaluronic acid to which core proteins are bound, chondroitin sulfates and keratin sulfates are then bound to the core protein

37
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

form a network for water retention

38
Q

Cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as what?

A

deformation

39
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

40
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

41
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

weeping theory

42
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

A

boosted theory

43
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies and adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

A

boundary theory

44
Q

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty

45
Q

Synovial fluid consists of what specific chemical groups?

A

fats, salts, albumins, and hyaluronate

46
Q

Which sustance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

hyaluronate

47
Q

What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

lubricin

48
Q

What cells are often observed in synovial fluid?

A

white blood cells and a few other types of connective tissue cells

49
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

provides a nutritive source for articular cartilage and supply the lubricant for the cartilage surface

Spinal Anatomy I - Exam 1 (20 decks)

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