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Cardio > Arteries > Flashcards

Arteries Flashcards

1
Q

High compliance of aorta allows the ______ during systole

A

Stretch

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2
Q

What helps propels blood forward during diastole

A

Elastic recoil

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3
Q

What allows the aorta and large arteries absorb energy during systole and redeliver a portion of it back to the column of blood

A

Elastic fibers

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4
Q

What has happened when the systolic pressure rises and capillary flow becomes pulsatile?

A

Loss of arterial compliance

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5
Q

Atheroscletosis results in the loss of

A

Compliance of the arteries

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6
Q

Conducted along vessels at a higher velocity than blood flow

A

Pulse waves

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7
Q

Velocity of conduction increases with _________ stiffness of vessel wall

A

Increasing

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8
Q

Amplitude of pulse wave is _________ with stiffer walls

A

Greater

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9
Q

Constriction of small muscular arteries and arterioles to increase TPR and therefore

A

Blood pressure

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10
Q

Changes in capacitance of veins (constriction) to _____ venous return (preload) to _______ strength of contraction

A

Increase venous return to increase strength of contraction

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11
Q

Aortic and carotid sinuses:

  1. _____ nerve endings
  2. Depolarize in response to
  3. Modulation of
  4. Afferent from carotid sinus
  5. Afferent from aortic sinus
  6. Synapse to and innervate
A
  1. Bare nerve endings
  2. Depolarize in response to distortion caused by stretch
  3. Frequency modulated
  4. Afferent from carotid sinus travel to medulla via CN IX
  5. Afferent from aortic sinus travel to medullary via CN X
  6. Synapse with autonomic nerves that innervate the heart and vessels
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12
Q

Baroreceptor signaling between 75 and 125 mmHg what do we see in AP signaling?

A

AP occur in early systole and then decrease as the receptors adapt

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13
Q

< 75mmHg action potential activity

A

Drops to low values

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14
Q

> 150 mmHg action potentials are

A

Continuous

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15
Q

Largest pressure drop is associated with the

A

Arterioles

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16
Q

Who is primarily responsible for regulating TPR by constriction/relaxation

A

Arterioles

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17
Q

Arterioles 3 functions

A
  1. Reduce the blood pressure to about 30 mmHg at entrance to capillaries (they are very muscular )
  2. Dampens pressure pulses (constant flow)
  3. Involved in distribution of blood flow between and within tissues
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18
Q

Allows local control of blood flow w/out involvement of the ANS

A

Autoregulation

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19
Q

Artificial increase of MAP produces an

A

Increase in initial blood flow that quickly returns to normal

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20
Q

True or false:

Tissue blood flow remains constant in spite of changes in arterial pressure

A

True

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21
Q

Myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

A

Response to increase in arterial pressure is due to the sensing of the stretch of vascular smooth muscles which leads to calcium released and vasoconstriction

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22
Q

Metabolic mechanism of autoregulation

A

Vasodilator will cause increase blood flow and vasoconstrictors will cause decrease in blood flow

23
Q

Distribution of blood flow between tissues aided by (3)

What does characteristics allow?

A
  1. Muscular walls of arterioles
  2. Met arterioles
  3. Precapillary sphincters
  • allows for time sharing of blood between capillary beds
24
Q

Precapillary sphincters can direct blood flow by

A

Constriction/relaxation

25
Q

Blood flows down the path of ______ resistance

A

Least

26
Q

Capillaries are adapted for

A

Exchange of fluid and nutrient of solutes with tissues

27
Q

Pores or fenestrations in capillaries membranes allow passage of but restrict

A

Allow passage of water and small molecules but normally restrict larger molecules such as proteins

28
Q

Histamine increases or decreases permeability

A

Increases thus allowing larger molecules and even leukocytes during inflammation into the extra cellular space

29
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Forces fluid out of capillary

30
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic) of proteins within the capillary

A

Pulls fluid into the capillary

31
Q

Small excesses of fluids left in the extra cellular space are drained by

A

Lymphatic

32
Q

Small solute molecules are exchanged by

A

Solvent drag

33
Q

Edema

A

Excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues

34
Q

Dehydration

A

Decrease in extra cellular fluid volume

35
Q

Causes of edema (3)

A
  1. Increased venous pressure which leads to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. Decreased blood osmotic pressure—> less osmotic pressure pulling water into the capillaries
  3. increased interstitial osmotic pressure—> increased interstitial protein concentration acts to pull water out of the capillaries
36
Q

Veins have a greater or lesser capacity for blood containment than arteries

A

Greater

37
Q

Veins have ____ walls:

A

Thinner walls—> flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue

38
Q

Veins are hard to collapse and expand

A

False: collapse when empty and expand easily

39
Q

Veins have steady blood flow

A

True

40
Q

Veins are subjected to low or high blood pressure

A

Low

41
Q

What drives the venous return to the heart

A

Small pressure drop between capillaries and the vena cava

42
Q

Are veins complaint?

A

Yep— highly complaint they are able to store large volumes of blood when CO is low

43
Q

Sympathetic stimulation in veins

A

Act on alpha-1 receptors to contract helically arranged smooth muscles to force pooled blood towards the heart

44
Q

Veins have one-way valves?

A

Yep

45
Q

Veins function as variable capacitor that can either store blood or increase venous return the heart and lead to increased _______ and thus resulting in

A

Increased EDV (preload) and thus increasing CO

46
Q

In an upright individual where is the most of the body’s blood?

A

Lower extremities in veins

47
Q

Factors that increase O2 demand of the heart: (3)

A
  1. Increased afterload (arterial pressure)
  2. Increased stroke volume

3, increased heart rate

48
Q

The only way to increase O2 delivery is to

A

Increase coronary circulation

49
Q

Coronary artery smc are innervate by

A

Alpha-1 sympathetic nerves which constrict them

50
Q

Most important autoregulation of coronary artery?

A

Adenosine—> potent vasodilator that overcomes sympathetic stimulation

51
Q

Coronary blood flow in left ventricle occurs primarily during

A

Diastole

52
Q

Increased heart rate can decrease blood flow to the heart

A

Yep—> it decreases the diastolic interval

53
Q

Aortic regurgitation affects

A

Lowers diastolic pressure thus limits O2 delivery

54
Q

Lack of O2 delivery to a tissue is called ____ an can lead to

A

Ischemia which can lead to angina

Cardio (26 decks)

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