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CPO Study Set > Arranging Advanced > Flashcards

Arranging Advanced Flashcards

1
Q

What does a solid arrow mean in contemporary analysis?

A

A dominant chord resolving to a target chord a P5 or m2 lower

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2
Q

What is interpolation?

A

The insertion of a chord or chords to interrupt normal progression

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3
Q

What does a solid bracket identify in contemporary analysis?

A

A ii7 - V7 progression

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4
Q

What does standing in unison and octaves do?

A

Accentuates a melody, provides clarity to the listener on the motif or theme of the music

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5
Q

What is timbre?

A

The inherent qualitative properties of a particular sound that is made up of a specific fundamental frequency or pitch and its harmonic overtone series

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6
Q

True or false: unisons add weight, octaves add projection

A

True

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7
Q

What is tone color?

A

Differences in timbre

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8
Q

What are the qualities of high timbre instruments?

A

Upper register: clear and bright
Low register: rich and velvety

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9
Q

What are the qualities of medium timbres?

A

Upper register: centered, warm, rich
Lower register: full or dark

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10
Q

What are the qualities of low timbres?

A

Upper register: full, rich, warm
Lower registers: dark, coarse, sonorous

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11
Q

What are the low timbre instruments?

A

Baritone sax, bass trombone, tuba, piano LH, string bass, bass guitar, timpani

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12
Q

What are the medium timbre instruments?

A

Tenor sax, bassoon, English horn, euphonium, trombone, French horn, guitar

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13
Q

What are the high timbre instruments?

A

Flute/piccolo, oboe, clarinet, alto/soprano sax, trumpet/corner, piano RH/harp, bells/tubular bells

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14
Q

How is a hollow or incomplete sound created?

A

Octave doubling with high and low timbre instruments

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15
Q

What does the rhythm section consist of?

A

Piano or electric keys, guitar, bass, and drums

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16
Q

What is comping?

A

A jazz term to describe the accompaniment the rhythm section creates when not specifically indicated; notated by a series of slashes and chord symbols

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17
Q

What is the purpose of musical notation with slash notation?

A

A technique used when something specifically needs to be emphasized but then the musician returns to coming

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18
Q

What is the piano’s role in a rhythm section?

A

Provide melodies and harmonies coupled with bass and rhythmic pulse

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19
Q

What is comping with accents for piano?

A

Used when the arranger wants the pianist to perform specified rhythms with the comping

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20
Q

What is the purpose of coming with rhythmic notation and lead notes?

A

Limit the range of voicing, highlight or duplicate a melody or idea, provide shape to a melodic line, emphasize voice leading in the chord progression

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21
Q

Why is fully notated used?

A

When the arranger wants to communicate something very specific; to remain consistent, chord changes are recommended throughout, even if not necessary

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22
Q

What are the purposes of standing fully notated?

A

Double melodic lines, create color texture and dynamic support, perform specific lines in the ensemble, provide clarity to the phrase, emphasize and create depth in articulated lines

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23
Q

What is the guitar’s role in the rhythm section?

A

Adds clarity and emphasis as a doubling instrument; percussive nature adds intensity

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24
Q

What do guitarists perform when coping with pianists?

A

Simple triadic outlines

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25
Q

What is the bass’s role in a rhythm section?

A

Communicating tempo and groove; contributes to movement, dynamic contrast, and shaping of the music

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26
Q

How are bass parts notated?

A

Always in bass clef on a five-line staff

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27
Q

What is the minimum notation required for bass?

A

Slash notation with chord symbols

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28
Q

What kind of notation indicates the notes that must be performed by the bass player?

A

Comping with specified notation

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29
Q

True or false: repetitive bass parts fully notate the rhythms AND notes to be performed.

A

False. Bass player is responsible for maintaining the appropriate or same rhythmic pattern while transposing the notes for each chord change

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30
Q

What are the basic guidelines for creating bass lines?

A

Predominantly quarter notes on the beat; arpeggiated lines are stylistically appropriate for swing; extensions with arpeggiated movement create a modern and linear feel; be aware of bass range; new chords start with the root; lines are created by inserting passing tones between the roots of chord changes

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31
Q

What is the primary function of the drum set?

A

Establish and maintain time. Additionally it communicates dynamics.

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32
Q

What instruments are in a drum set?

A

Kick drum (bass), snare, tom tom(s), hi hat, and cymbals (crash/ride)

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33
Q

What does the right foot play on the drum set?

A

Kick drum (style pattern, accents)

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34
Q

What dies the left foot play in drum set?

A

Hi hat pedal (style patterns with drum sticks on top of hat or w/pedal)

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35
Q

What does right hand play on drum set?

A

Stick, brush, mallet (alone: time pattern on cymbals, accents on snare/toms; with LH: rolls, snare patterns, double-handed accents or fills)

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36
Q

What does the left hand do in drum set?

A

Stick, brush, mallet (alone: accents on snare/toms, additional embellishments on cymbals; with RH: rolls, snare patterns, double-handed accents and fills)

37
Q

How is drum set beamed?

A

Hands are beamed up, feet are beamed down

38
Q

What are the purposes of Ensemble figures?

A

Indicate to the drummer to stop playing time and perform the written accents; require both hands; written on third line of the staff; slash notation denotes resume time

39
Q

What are kicks?

A

Communicate the accent played in conjunction with the time pattern; written on the space above the staff

40
Q

What is the instrumentation of the full ceremonial band?

A

Piccolo, oboe, bassoon, cl 1 2 3, alto sax 1 2, tenor sax, trumpet 1 2 3, horn 1 2, trombone 1 2 3, euphonium, sousaphone, snare, bass drum, cymbals (22)

41
Q

What is a minimum ceremonial band?

A

14 members: piccolo, cl 1 2, alto sax, trumpet 1 2 3, trombone 1 2, euphonium, sousaphone, snare, bass drum, cymbals

42
Q

Which section should arranging begin with?

A

Brass

43
Q

Which instrument is the principal passer of the brass family?

A

First trumpet

44
Q

How are second and third trumpet scored?

A

Filling in the remaining chord sounds, voices in closed position. Thirds and sixths work well. Often double horn parts

45
Q

What is the horn’s function in a ceremonial band?

A

Moving accompaniment. Must be identical or compliment the 2nd and 3rd trumpets if they have an independent musical line

46
Q

How should the horn section be scored?

A

1 and 2 get most important pitches; usually includes the third in one of the voices

47
Q

Which instrument is used to create the marcato style of the ceremonial band and why?

A

Trombone due to directional bell

48
Q

How is euphonium best employed?

A

Perform countermelodies, perform melody lines and solos, harmonic support within the lower brass

49
Q

What is the tuba’s primary function in a ceremonial band?

A

Perform chord tones, especially the root. On the march, tuba performs same rhythmic line as bass drum

50
Q

Where does the woodwind family project better?

A

When scored an octave above the brass

51
Q

What is the use of piccolo in the ceremonial band?

A

Double melody line and perform sweeping passages and trills

52
Q

What range of the clarinet accompanies first trumpet melody lines and leads arpeggiated movement and obbligato lines

A

Sounding B4-C6

53
Q

Which range on the clarinet are the throat tones

A

F4-Bb4 written

54
Q

Which instrument is the principal voice of the woodwind section?

A

First clarinet. Usually performs melody when trumpet is not

55
Q

How are second and third clarinets scored?

A

Fill out the remaining chord sound. Voiced in closed position. Frequently double 2nd and 3rd trumpet, or horns

56
Q

Which instrument is the link between the woodwind and brass sections?

A

Saxophones

57
Q

In four-part harmony, which part should go to the first alto sax?

A

Alto line, or double the 2nd trumpet

58
Q

Where is second alto saxophone scored?

A

Usually a third below the first alto or doubling the third trumpet

59
Q

What are some scoring options for saxophones?

A

Alto 1 doubles Clarinet 2 and alto 2 doubles clarinet 3; 1 and 2 altos double 1 and 2 horns; 1 and 2 altos double 1 and 2 trombones; voiced under the euphonium during countermelodies

60
Q

What is a good doubling for tenor sax?

A

With euphonium

61
Q

What does the snare drum promote?

A

Accents, crescendos, decrescendos

62
Q

In what instances should bass drum and cymbals always play together?

A

Full ensemble accents; on the boat accents for wind entrances off the beat; special cues given by the conductor

63
Q

True or false: in inverted chords, the root must be imagined as the bass note to ensure lower interval limits have not been exceeded

A

True

64
Q

What are the mechanical voicings?

A

Four-way close, drop-2, drop-3, drop 2+4

65
Q

What is four-way close?

A

Writing the harmony below the melody without skipping any chord tones

66
Q

What is drop-2, drop-3, drop-2+4?

A

Beginning in four-way close, the second voice is dropped by an octave; third voice is dropped an octave; second and fourth voices are both dropped an octave

67
Q

What is concerted writing?

A

Technique where the musical passage is voiced and rhythms are identical. Begins with brass section

68
Q

What are the four steps in concerted writing?

A

Use a melody or lead line with chord changes and establish this as your lead trumpet part; voice the brass section; develop the lead alto sax by coupling the second trumpet; voice the saxophone section

69
Q

How should the brass section be voiced in concerted writing?

A

Choose a mechanical voicing technique, ensure all harmonic notes are present, be aware of practical range, avoid intervals of a second between top two lines

70
Q

How should the saxophone section be voiced in concerted writing?

A

From lead alto, voice remaining parts with a mechanical technique, be aware of ranges and lower interval limits

71
Q

What are some non-mechanical voicings?

A

Spread, fourths, seconds, and upper-structure triads

72
Q

How are spread voicings built?

A

Bottom up, beginning with the root, usually resulting in an open position structure. Particularly effective as sustained pads supporting a melody or solo line

73
Q

Where should chord tones 1, 3, 5, 6, or 7 be placed?

A

Lower in the spread structure

74
Q

True or false: a non-fourth interval can be included in voicing of fourths

A

True. The predominant interval is a fourth, but it doesn’t have to be the only

75
Q

What is an upper-structure triad?

A

Voicing where all the notes of the chord are present, and the top three pitches are in a close position triad. Usually contain at least one available tension in the voicing

76
Q

What are guide tones?

A

3rds and 7ths of their respective chords; musician voice leads smoothly from one guide tone to the next

77
Q

What are some basic characteristics of a shout chorus:

A

Percussive lead lines; repeating riffs; lead trumpet in the upper register; louder dynamics; reharmonizing melody or developing melody; call and response; concerted writing; special effects such as shakes, falls, and doits; harmonically dense voicings; open position voicings spread over multiple octaves

78
Q

What are two examples of good shout choruses?

A

Splanky-Count Basie Orchestra-Complete Atomic Basie; Stompin at the Savoy-Stan Kenton Orchestra-Stompin at the Newport

79
Q

What is the most common section featured in soli writing in the big band?

A

Saxophones

80
Q

What is the most common texture used in soli writing?

A

Concerted

81
Q

What are the functions of the woodwind section?

A

Melodic lines and solos; difficult technical passages; harmonic background; reinforcing other instruments throughout the ensemble; counter melodies; contrasting colors and textures

82
Q

What does oboe blend well with?

A

Flute, clarinet, muted trumpet

83
Q

What does bassoon blend well with?

A

Tenor saxophone or any member of the low brass

84
Q

What is the clarinet used for?

A

Solos, melodic lines, sweeping passages; mixes well with all woodwind and brass

85
Q

What is a timbre combination for tenor sax?

A

Trombone or euphonium

86
Q

What are likely doublings for the baritone sax?

A

Bass clarinet and bassoon

87
Q

What is homophonic writing?

A

Characterized by moving accompaniment parts in the same rhythm as the melody: superimposed, interlocked, enclosed, overlapped

88
Q

What are some common uses of the brass section?

A

Emphasize accented figures; present the melody; build and create climactic points; accentuate crescendos and dynamics; act as a homophonic unit (or in combination with the woodwind section)

CPO Study Set (22 decks)

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