Area Of OPS 2: Preflight: Task B: Airplane Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment Flashcards
What does the outer marker indicate?
The position where the airplane should intercept the glide slope, located 4-7 miles from the airport.
Are the vents and inlets for the pitot-static system always located in different places on the airframe?
No, the pitot tube and static port can be located together or separately as per design.
Explain how distance measuring equipment (DME) works.
The airplane transmits a signal to a ground station, which responds. The time between signals is converted to distance, groundspeed, and ETE.
What indicates that you have reached the inner marker, if installed?
A high-pitched tone of dots and a white indicator light.
When must you set your transponder to “ALT”?
__________ is required in Class B and C airspace or within ______ miles of the primary airport in Class B airspace, but it is advisable to use Mode C at all times in flight.
Mode C is required in Class B and C airspace or within** 30** miles of the primary airport in Class B airspace, but it is advisable to use Mode C at all times in flight.
How does the autopilot know which inputs to make to accomplish what the pilot expects?
Autopilots use __________ ____________ and may function as position-based, rate-based, or combined systems.
Autopilots use gyroscopic sensors and may function as position-based, rate-based, or combined systems.
How does the airspeed indicator work?
It compares ram air pressure to static pressure to display airspeed.
Why does reverse sensing occur?
When flying from a station with a TO indication, causing incorrect course indication.
What powers the heading indicator?
Pneumatic pressure from the vacuum system.
What indication will you get on the flight deck that suggests you have reached the middle marker?
A higher-pitched tone of __________ and __________, and an ____________ light.
A higher-pitched tone of dots and dashes, and an amber light.
Are all existing nonprecision approaches grandfathered in as GPS overlay approaches?
No, some approaches cannot be coded for GPS and will not be published as overlay approaches.
What does a red X showing on the PFD indicate?
The portion of information X’ed out is unreliable and should not be used.
Is there a universal display system for all flight management systems?
No, each system is unique, requiring pilots to understand their specific system.
Why is it important not to go long periods without checking and correcting the heading indicator?
To minimize errors due to the earth’s rotation and gyroscopic precession.
What is required for a general aviation pilot to shoot a Category II ILS approach?
Specific training and additional aircraft equipment certifications.
Why would using a different brand of GPS unit be problematic in a rented airplane?
GPS units from different manufacturers have significant operational and informational presentation differences.
What is a VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) station?
A VHF radio transmitting ground station providing ____________ information.
A VHF radio transmitting ground station providing bearing information.
How is a DME arc flown with an RMI?
Keep the RMI needle pointed toward the __________ reference mark, adjust the needle ahead or behind the wingtip for drift correction.
Keep the RMI needle pointed toward the wingtip reference mark, adjust the needle ahead or behind the wingtip for drift correction.
How would a blocked static port affect the airspeed indicator?
It would show reduced airspeed during a climb and increased airspeed during a descent.
Is a flight management system (FMS) a navigation system?
No, an FMS is an interface between the pilot and flight deck systems, automating tasks required to operate navigation and management systems.
What is an ILS?
Instrument Landing System, a ______________ approach providing ______________ and _______________ guidance to a runway.
Instrument Landing System, a precision approach providing course and altitude guidance to a runway.
What is a DME arc?
A procedure where an aircraft maintains a constant ____________ from a VOR/DME or VORTAC station while flying a ____________ path.
A procedure where an aircraft maintains a constant distance from a VOR/DME or VORTAC station while flying a curved path.
How do you ensure your transponder is transmitting Mode C information?
Switch the transponder to the “ALT” position to transmit pressure altitude information.
Can GPS be used when flying a DME arc?
Yes, if it is a GPS unit certified for IFR en route and terminal operations.
Under what conditions will the groundspeed and ETE information presented by a DME receiver be accurate?
Only when flying directly ___________ Or ____________The station.
Only when flying directly TO or FROM the station.
How can pneumatic pressure be generated for gyroscopic instruments in an airplane?
Using a venturi or a vacuum pump.
What are the four basic components of an ILS?
L
G
M
A
Localizer, glide slope, marker beacons, and an approach light system.
What mnemonic device helps remember dip errors when navigating by magnetic compass?
“See south, never north.”
What is the limitation of vacuum systems powered by a venturi?
They do not produce significant vacuum pressure until the aircraft gains speed.
What is a needle valve in the context of an airplane vacuum system?
A valve that decreases suction for instruments needing less suction than the main system provides.
What is the purpose of the marker system on an instrument approach?
To establish specific points along the localizer during the approach.
Explain the indications of an automatic direction finder (ADF) indicator.
The ADF needle indicates the ____________ ____________ to/from the station. Magnetic heading + Relative bearing = Magnetic bearing.
The ADF needle indicates the relative bearing to/from the station. Magnetic heading + Relative bearing = Magnetic bearing.
What is a non-directional beacon (NDB)?
An NDB transmits a ____________ ____________ signal on 190 to 535 kHz, used with ADF equipment to determine ___________ ____________.
An NDB transmits a non-directional signal on 190 to 535 kHz, used with ADF equipment to determine relative bearing.
How is a DME arc flown with a standard VOR indicator?
Rotate the OBS to select a radial ________° ahead, turn to maintain a constant DME distance, and adjust for _________.
Rotate the OBS to select a radial 10° ahead, turn to maintain a constant DME distance, and adjust for drift.
Aside from nav/comm radios, what systems might be affected by an electrical failure?
F.
R.
G.
Flaps, retractable gear, and glass panel displays may be affected.
What is a major limitation of the gyroscopic heading indicator?
It has no sensing ability and must be periodically set and checked against the magnetic compass.
When used as a supporting instrument, what axis of control can the magnetic compass indicate?
It can indicate roll by showing a turn is occurring.
When shooting an ILS approach, which marker beacons would you expect to encounter?
The outer marker and middle marker.
What powers the turn-and-slip indicator or the turn coordinator?
They are typically powered by electricity.
What is a radio magnetic indicator (RMI)?
An RMI is a ___________ indicator overlaid with ADF-style needles for ____________ and ____________ bearing information.
An RMI is a heading indicator overlaid with ADF-style needles for relative and magnetic bearing information.
If the static port were to become blocked, what indication would the altimeter give?
It would show the altitude at the time of the blockage, regardless of actual altitude changes.
What mnemonic device helps remember acceleration/deceleration error?
ANDS: Accelerate North, Decelerate South.
What is a GPS overlay approach?
An existing approach, such as VOR or NDB, now includes “_________ ___________” in the title, allowing it to be flown with GPS.
An existing approach, such as VOR or NDB, now includes “Or GPS” in the title, allowing it to be flown with GPS.
Why is it important to have an indicator on the flight deck for a standard rate turn?
It provides a consistent ___________ rate reference regardless of the aircraft’s ____________.
It provides a consistent turn rate reference regardless of the aircraft’s speed.
What is magnetic variation?
The difference between true north and magnetic north.
What does a flickering light on the transponder signify?
It indicates the transponder has been __________ and responded to a __________ signal.
It indicates the transponder has been interrogated and responded to a radar signal.
What error might an attitude indicator show during rapid acceleration?
A slight pitching up.
What is the error built into the VSI?
VSI has a ____________ time between ____________ changes and indicated trends.
VSI has a lag time between pressure changes and indicated trends.
What is one reliability advantage of electronic flight displays?
They have a far lower failure rate than analog instruments.
How long does it take for an attitude indicator to come up to speed and erect itself?
Typically 2-3 minutes, but up to 5 minutes.
What is a limitation of pneumatically powered attitude indicators for instrument pilots?
They require time to spin up to speed and become accurate.
How often should you check your heading indicator against your magnetic compass for accuracy?
Every 15 minutes.
What is a Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)?
An instrument combining a ____________ indicator with a ____________ indicator.
An instrument combining a heading indicator with a VOR/ILS indicator.
In the event of an alternator failure, would all power to systems be lost immediately?
No, the battery can provide power for a brief period.
Explain the indications seen on an HSI.
Includes a C____________ selector, C___________, T__________/F____________ indicator, and G____________ S____________ indicator.
Includes a course selector, **CDI, TO/FROM indicator, and glide slope indicator.
How do autopilots control the airplane in flight?
Autopilots can control all three axes of flight using ___________, ____________, or ____________ controls.
Autopilots can control all three axes of flight using hydraulic, electrical, or digital controls.
What is the purpose of a DME arc?
To help inbound aircraft become established on…..
a final approach course or a segment of a DP or STAR.
What error is an inherent risk with using flight management systems?
Pilot input errors due to distraction, misunderstandings, or lack of familiarity.
Describe the pitot-static system in general terms.
It uses ram air pressure from the pitot tube for the airspeed indicator and static air pressure from vents for the altimeter, vertical speed indicator, and airspeed indicator.
Is it preferable to use the autopilot when flying an airplane with an electronic flight display (EFD)?
Yes, using the autopilot reduces pilot workload and increases situational awareness.
Why do turn-and-slip indicators and turn coordinators have a time indication usually labeled “2 min turn”?
It signifies a ____________ rate turn of ______° per second, completing a ______° turn in ______ minutes.
It signifies a standard rate turn of 3° per second, completing a 360° turn in 2 minutes.
Can a handheld GPS be used to fly a WAAS approach?
No, only certified panel-mounted GPS units can be used for instrument procedures.
When using GPS as a primary navigation tool, how different is the process of planning an IFR flight?
It is virtually identical to planning with other navigational tools, with main differences in GPS ___________ and ___________ retrieval.
It is virtually identical to planning with other navigational tools, with main differences in GPS programming and information retrieval.
What does ATC mean by “ident,” and what is the result?
Press the ident button on the transponder to make the aircraft icon glow brighter on the controller’s display.
What is an advantage of electronic flight displays from the pilot’s perspective?
Simplified instrument scan and accessible information.
What is the northerly turning error?
The compass turns ___________ or _____________ than the airplane when turning from an ____________ or ___________ heading to north.
The compass turns faster or slower than the airplane when turning from an east or west heading to north.
Does an up-to-date database absolve the need to check NOTAMs when using GPS for navigation?
No, pilots should always check NOTAMs prior to a flight, regardless of navigation method.
What power source is typically used with attitude indicators?
____________ pressure from the ____________ system.
Pneumatic pressure from the vacuum system.
How often must an aircraft’s altimeter and static system be inspected for IFR flight?
Every 24 calendar months.
Is the magnetic compass ever used as a primary flight instrument?
It is a primary reference for heading but commonly used as a secondary control instrument.
What is the vertical line on the magnetic compass called?
The lubber line.
How can we better understand the electrical system of our airplane before flying it?
By reading and studying the POH/AFM specific to the airplane.
What is a potential negative aspect of the electronic flight display?
Increased pilot workload adapting to analog instruments during an electrical failure.
What is the next most common power source for non-pneumatic attitude indicators?
Electricity.
Explain the indications of a standard VOR indicator.
________ selects course
________ shows **course position **
__________/__________ indicator shows direction relative to the station.
OBS selects course
CDI shows course position, TO/FROM indicator shows direction relative to the station.
What is the purpose of the Kollsman window on an altimeter?
It allows the pilot to set a ____________ ____________ for accurate altitude readings.
It allows the pilot to set a reference pressure for accurate altitude readings.
What is receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) and why is it important?
RAIM verifies the accuracy of ___________ signals, ensuring they are not ____________.
RAIM verifies the accuracy of GPS signals, ensuring they are not corrupted.
If you selected the alternate static source, would the altimeter read higher, lower, or the same as normal?
It would read slightly higher than normal.
What is a typical ILS glide slope angle?
3°.
What does “position error” mean in airspeed readings?
Errors due to disturbed __________ into the __________ ___________, often from high pitch attitudes.
Errors due to disturbed airflow into the pitot tube, often from high pitch attitudes.
What is deviation in the context of magnetic compasses?
Errors induced by magnetic fields in the aircraft, corrected by a compass correction card.
If the pitot tube becomes blocked, what will the airspeed indicator read?
It will remain constant at the blockage altitude, acting like an altimeter.
If you suspect an alternator failure, what action would extend the available battery power?
Shed as much electrical load as possible.
What is the difference between a turn-and-slip indicator and a turn coordinator?
The turn coordinator provides both bank rate and turn rate information; the turn-and-slip only provides turn rate information.
What scientific instrument does an altimeter most closely equate to?
A barometer.
What indication do you have on the flight deck that you have reached the outer marker?
A low-pitched tone of continuous dashes and a blue marker beacon light.
What does the middle marker indicate?
It is located __________ feet from the ____________ threshold, where the glide slope is roughly ___________ feet above the touchdown zone.
It is located 3,500 feet from the landing threshold, where the glide slope is roughly 200 feet above the touchdown zone.
How often must a VOR accuracy check be performed for IFR operations?
Every 30 days.
What is the error that gyroscopes suffer from?
Gyroscopic precession, leading to inaccuracies over time.
What does dip error cause when flying by the magnetic compass?
North and south turning errors, and acceleration/deceleration errors.
Explain the indications seen on an RMI.
The ___________ always points to the station, showing ___________ and ______________ bearings for VOR or NDB stations, with heading under the top index.
The needle always points to the station, showing relative and magnetic bearings for VOR or NDB stations, with heading under the top index.
What is a horizontal situation indicator (HSI)?
An instrument that combines a ___________ ___________ with navigational signals and a ___________.
An instrument that combines a magnetic compass with navigational signals and a glideslope.
How does the vertical speed indicator (VSI) work?
It measures the rate of change in ____________ to show _________ or ___________ rate in feet per minute.
It measures the rate of change in pressure to show climb or descent rate in feet per minute.
How often must an aircraft’s transponder be inspected for VMC/IMC use?
Every 24 calendar months, with a record in the aircraft’s maintenance logbook.
What are the tolerances for different VOR accuracy checks?
Ground check: ±4°, Airborne check: ±6°, Dual systems check: within 4°.
What is a suction relief valve in an airplane vacuum system?
A ____________-loaded device that regulates ____________ to the instruments.
A spring-loaded device that regulates suction to the instruments.
What is acceleration/deceleration error?
Errors appearing when accelerating or decelerating on an east or west heading.
