AREA OF OPERATION VII: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Flashcards
What minimum weather conditions must be forecast at your selected alternate airport with a nonprecision approach for it to be acceptable as an alternate?
Ceiling 800 ft. and visibility 2 SM.
What does the phrase “minimum descent altitude (MDA)” mean?
The lowest altitude to which descent is authorized on the final approach segment of a nonprecision approach without adequate visual reference for landing.
What is a visual descent point (VDP)?
A defined point on a nonprecision, straight-in approach from which a normal descent from the MDA to the runway may begin if visual reference is established.
Name and describe several types of nonprecision approaches.
VOR approach, NDB approach, GPS approach, LOC approach.
Explain the procedures for flying a typical nonprecision approach that incorporates a procedure turn.
- Proceed to the ___________
- Head __________ on the reciprocal of the inbound course,
- Perform a ___________ turn to re-intercept the approach course inbound
- Descend to appropriate altitudes.
Proceed to the IAF, head outbound on the reciprocal of the inbound course, perform a procedure turn to re-intercept the approach course inbound, and descend to appropriate altitudes.
- Proceed to the IAF
- Head outbound on the reciprocal of the inbound course
- Perform a procedure turn to re-intercept the approach course inbound
- Descend to appropriate altitudes.
What are the differences between an SDF, an LDA, and a standard localizer (LOC)?
SDF: __° or __° course width, no ____________ ____________.
LDA: Not aligned with ____________, may have ____________ ____________.
LOC: __° to __° course width, aligned with ____________.
SDF: 6° or 12° course width, no glide slope.
LDA: Not aligned with runway, may have glide slope.
LOC: 3° to 6° course width, aligned with runway.
What methods can be used to define/determine the missed approach point (MAP) for a nonprecision approach?
Intersection, DME fix, NAVAID (VOR or NDB), or time from the FAF.
If you break out of the clouds at the MDA for a nonprecision approach to a runway with a VASI system and you are below the glide slope, what should you do?
Momentarily level off to intercept the proper glide path.
What minimum weather conditions must be forecast at your selected alternate airport with a precision approach for it to be acceptable as an alternate?
Ceiling 600 ft. and visibility 2 SM.
What does the term “decision altitude” mean?
The height in feet MSL at which a decision must be made on a precision approach to continue the approach or execute a missed approach.
What does the term “decision height” mean?
The height in feet AGL at which a decision must be made on a precision approach to continue the approach or execute a missed approach.
What is the difference between decision altitude (DA) and decision height (DH)?
DA is in feet ___________, DH is in feet ____________.
DA is in feet MSL, DH is in feet AGL.
Explain the procedures for flying a typical precision approach that involves radar vectors to the final approach course.
Receive ____________ from ATC to intercept the inbound course, set the inbound course on the ____________ or ____________, and follow the vectors to the ____________ for a stabilized approach.
Receive vectors from ATC to intercept the inbound course, set the inbound course on the VOR or HSI, and follow the vectors to the FAF for a stabilized approach.
Name and describe two types of precision approaches.
PAR: Controller provides accurate azimuth and elevation guidance. ILS: Uses localizer and glide slope transmitters for lateral and descent path guidance.
Describe precision instrument runway markings. What is their purpose?
They include ____________ ____________ and fixed-distance markings to provide ____________ points and inform the pilot of the remaining ____________ distance.
They include touchdown zone and fixed-distance markings to provide aiming points and inform the pilot of the remaining runway distance.
If you find yourself two dots off the localizer as you approach DA, but the runway is still not in sight, what is your best course of action?
Make a slight correction toward the localizer and continue the approach without dramatic maneuvers.
What is a missed approach point (MAP)?
The point at which the pilot must have the runway in sight or perform the prescribed missed approach procedures.
Where is the missed approach point on an instrument landing system (ILS) approach?
When the aircraft arrives at the DA with the glide slope needle centered.
When should you familiarize yourself with the missed approach procedure and get set up for it?
Before initiating the approach and be ready to perform the missed approach procedure before reaching the MAP or DA.
What would cause you to execute a missed approach?
Either weather conditions do not allow for a safe landing, or lateral/vertical limits are not maintained during the approach.
Under what circumstances is obstacle clearance assured during a missed approach?
Only when the missed approach is commenced at the published missed approach point or above the DA.
Where is the entire missed approach procedure listed for a given approach?
In the pilot briefing section at the top of the approach plate.
When initiating a missed approach, what information should you transmit to ATC?
Notify ATC that you are going missed and provide the reason.
If you initiate a missed approach before reaching the MAP or DA, is it permissible to initiate a turn right away?
No, continue flying the approach course at or above MDA or DA until reaching the MAP, then initiate a turn if required.
Is there any circumstance that would cause you to ignore the missed approach procedure after going missed?
Only if ATC instructs you to do otherwise.
What is a circling approach?
An approach that allows an aircraft to maneuver to land on a runway that does not meet the criteria for a straight-in approach.
Is there adequate obstacle clearance when performing a circling approach?
Yes, a minimum of 300 feet obstacle clearance is provided in the circling segment.
Where can you find regulations regarding two-way radio communication failure during IFR flight?
14 CFR 91.185.
What route should you fly if you lose two-way radio communications en route on an IFR flight?
The route assigned in your last ATC clearance.
If no route was assigned in the last ATC clearance, what route should you fly after losing two-way radio communications?
The route filed in your flight plan.
What altitude should you fly if cleared to 6,000 feet with an expected further clearance to 8,000 feet, in the event of communications failure?
Climb and maintain 8,000 feet.
When should you begin your approach if radio failure occurs before arriving at a clearance limit where an approach can be initiated?
At the expected further clearance time, or based on your estimated time of arrival if no EFC time was given.
When should you depart a clearance limit that is not a fix for an approach if you experience radio failure?
At the expected further clearance time or as close to your filed/amended ETA as possible if no EFC time was given.
How do you indicate a two-way communications failure to ATC?
Set your transponder code to 7600.
What circumstances might justify deviation from your IFR flight plan?
An emergency, collision avoidance alert, or encountering VFR conditions that allow safe landing at an alternate airport.
What should you do if you lose two-way communications on an IFR flight but encounter VFR conditions?
Continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable.
What task must be performed as soon as possible after completing a flight under VFR due to communications failure?
Contact ATC to close your IFR flight plan.
Are there regulations that provide guidance on deviating from a clearance?
Yes, 14 CFR 91.123.
If you deviate from your flight plan due to a two-way communications failure, what responsibility do you have in relation to ATC?
Advise ATC as soon as possible and cancel the IFR flight plan.
How do you determine which engine has failed in instrument conditions?
Note the rudder pressure required; “dead leg, dead engine.”
Why is it important to feather the propeller on a failed engine?
A windmilling propeller produces large drag, hindering performance.
Is it necessary to verify the failed engine in instrument conditions before feathering the propeller?
Yes, to avoid feathering the wrong propeller and losing performance.
How do you verify a failed engine in instrument conditions?
Adjust mixture, propeller, and throttle levers, then reduce throttle on suspected engine to idle.
What airspeed should you establish after one engine fails?
VysE.
How do you determine VysE for your airplane?
It is depicted by a blue line on the airspeed indicator or in the POH/AFM.
Does the instrument ACS require a multi-engine pilot to determine the reason for engine failure?
Yes, but not at the expense of maintaining aircraft control.
What are the appropriate ACS for a one-engine-inoperative instrument approach?
The ACS include maintaining altitude, heading, and speed within specified tolerances while managing the emergency.
Can the PIC operate the aircraft contrary to the manufacturer’s operating limitations if an engine fails on approach to ensure safe landing?
Yes, if necessary to ensure the flight arrives safely on the ground.
What are the ACS for the final approach segment on a one-engine-inoperative instrument approach?
Maintain a stabilized approach and meet the criteria for descent and landing within specified tolerances.
Is single-pilot resource management a consideration on a one-engine-inoperative instrument approach?
Yes, it is a critical consideration.
How can you verify that your flight instruments are working correctly during an approach?
By consistently cross-checking primary and supporting instruments for valid information.
If you suspect or verify that an instrument is failing, what must you do as soon as possible?
Report the failure to ATC as soon as possible.
What information must you provide when reporting an instrument failure to ATC?
Identify the aircraft and affected equipment, the impact on IFR operation, and the type of assistance needed.
How would you determine whether the heading indicator is accurate during an approach?
Cross-check against the magnetic compass, attitude indicator, and turn coordinator.
Why is it important to cross-check the heading indicator to multiple instruments rather than just with the attitude indicator?
Both are powered by the vacuum system and may indicate similar errors; cross-checking with electrically driven gyro and magnetic compass helps identify failures.
How would you identify an airspeed indicator failure?
Cross-check with power setting, attitude indicator, and VSI.
What instruments would you use to verify the accuracy of the attitude indicator?
Turn coordinator, heading indicator, magnetic compass, altimeter, airspeed, and VSI.
How can the airspeed indicator support the pitch information provided by the attitude indicator?
Airspeed changes when the attitude indicator shows level flight indicate potential failure, supported by VSI trends.
What instrumentation can you use to verify power settings?
Tachometer, manifold pressure, fuel flow, and airspeed indicators.
Can you continue under IFR and shoot the approach if your glass panel instrumentation fails?
Probably not; use analog backups for basic flight, request vectors to VMC for safer landing.
What pilot-induced error could cause a complete failure of your glass panel displays during an approach?
Inadvertently switching off the avionics master switch.
Will turning the avionics master switch back on immediately restore glass panel displays?
Yes, but it takes 3 to 5 minutes for the system to fully boot up.
What should you do if a glass panel display failure occurs on the approach?
Execute a missed approach using backup gauges and request vectors from ATC while the panels reboot.
