April 8 Flashcards
What is released from eosinophils, what is its main function and what is it thought to contribute to?
Production of histamines and major basic protein–responsible for killing helminths
Also thought to contribute to the epithelial damage seen with atopic asthma
Benign capillary hemangioma of the elderly that does NOT regress?
Cherry hemangioma
What are the broad-spectrum anticonvulsants used to treat most seizures (tonic clonic, myoclonic, Absence) except for focal onset seizures (simple and complex), which should be treated with what?
Broad spectrum–lamotrigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, valproic acid
Narrow spectrum–carbamazepine, gabapentin, phenobarbital, phenytoin
Defect in ATM gene which results in failure to repair DNA ds breaks causing cell cycle arrest—presents with cerebellar defects, spider angiomas, and IgA deficiency?
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Spider angiomas–telangiectasia–> superficial blanching nests of distended capillaries
Increased AFP
Decreased IgA, IgG, and IgE
IgA deficiency–predisposes to upper airway infections
The femoral triangle consists of what? (from lateral to medial)
Femoral nerve, Femoral artery, Femoral vein, deep inguinal nodes/lymphatic vessels, ligament
NAVEL
Where is the best location to inject lidocaine to anesthetize the skin and muscles of the anterior thigh?
Femoral nerve block at the inguinal crease lateral to the femoral artery
What neoplasm has a 15;17 translocation and what protein is abnormal?
Acute promyelogenous leukemia
Abnormal Retinoic acid receptor
What drug is used for intermittent claudication and also causes vasodilation?
Cilostazol
Also dipyridamole
Where is the most common location for H. pylori, even when a pt develops duodenal ulcers?
Antrum of the stomach in pre-pyloric area
Patients with pancreatic exocrine dysfunction are still able to absorb what?
Monosaccharides–Glucose, galactose, fructose—absorbed by enterocytes without enzymes from pancreas
D-xylose can also be absorbed and absorption test is used to distinguish GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption
What is important when performing a maternal quad screen?
Accurate dating–women with abnormal periods can have improper dating and can through off results from quad screen, such as elevated AFP when its really normal
Pulmonary TB is controlled by what 2 immune cells?
CD4+ T-cells and macrophages
How is concentration tested?
Reciting months of the year backwards
How can RBF be calculated?
RBF = PAH CL/ 1-HCT
PAH CL= RPF= U[PAH] x V (flow) / P[PAH]
What CN run through the Jugular foramen?
IX
X
XI
Caudal regression syndrome–sacral agenesis causing lower extremity paralysis and urinary incontinence is associated with what maternal abnormality?
Maternal diabetes
Also associated with congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and macrosomia
Increased estrogen, seen with pregnancy and hormone replacement therapy will can an increase in what, which will effect the thyroid hormones?
Thyroid binding protein increase–increases total thyroid hormone levels –T4 pool
–Negative feedback keeps free (biologically active) levels normal
Internal hemorrhoids are caused by increased pressure in what venous drainage?
Superior rectal vein draining into inferior mesenteric vein
Primary membranous nephropathy is most likely caused by what?
IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor–PLA2R
–Transmembrane protein abundant on podocytes
What cells contain a well-developed smooth ER?
All steroid producing cells–adrenals, gonads, liver
Contains enzymes for steroid and phospholipid biosynthesis
What are the retroperitoneal organs that if damaged can cause blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space?
SAD PUCKER
- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
- Aorta and IVC
- Duodenum–2nd through 4th part
- Pancreas–except tail
- Ureters
- Colon–descending and ascending
- Kidneys
- Esophagus–thoracic portion
- Rectum
Primary central nervous system lymphoma is commonly associated with what disease and made up of what cells?
HIV/AIDs–defining illness
B-lymphocytes–needs to be differentiated from toxo–as it can show ring-enhanced lesions on MRI
What factors are needed to grow H. influenzae?
Factor X–Hematin and Factor V–NAD+
Can be crossed-streaked with S. aureus which will provide NAD+
Sporadic and genetic renal cell carcinoma of associated with what mutation?
VHL gene mutation on chromosome 3p
Where is the most common location for a Pilocytic astrocytoma to arise?
Cerebellum–seen in children, GFAP+
Cystic and solid components
–Differentiates it from Medulloblastoma–which is solid
A benign tumor that forms under the nail bed has what cell origin and what is the function of this cell?
Glomus tumor–glomangioma —-red/blue lesion under the nail bed
Originates from the modified smooth muscle cells that control the thermoregulatory functions of dermal glomus bodies
Brown pigmented gallstones are most likely caused by what and what is the pathogenesis?
Infection of biliary tract from E. coli or helminhic
–Release of B-Glucouronidase causes an increase amount of unconjugated bilirubin –causing the pigmented gallstones
The Z-line of a muscle fiber is where ____ are anchored?
Thin actin filaments
What is the teratogen effect of valproate?
Neural tube defects –decreases the level of folic acid
What is the treatment for recurrent cases of C. Diff?
Fidaxomicin –inhibits RNA polymerase leading to protein synthesis impairment and cell death
Oral vanco and metronidazole are 1st line tx if not recurrent
Dietary lipids are mostly absorbed from the _______.
Jejunum
Holosytolic murmur that increases in intensity on inspiration is most likely due to what?
Tricuspid regurgitation
What muscle occupies most of the space in the greater sciatic foramen and can compress the sciatic nerve?
Piriformis –causing piriformis syndrome
What is the cause of gigantism?
Increased GH from the anterior pituitary before the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates—GH causes increased IGF-1 release from the liver which promotes bone, cartilage and soft-tissue growth
Acromegaly in adults
What is found on the labs of pt with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?
CD55/59 NEG RBCs on flow cytometry
Caused by increased complement-mediated intravascular RBC lysis–impaired synthesis of GPI anchor for decay-accelerating factor that protects RBC membrane from complement
TdT is a marker for what?
Pre-T and B cells seen in lymphoid neoplasms
