April 24

Question 1

What is the #1 predisposing factor for the development of bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 1

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 2

Anterior compartment syndrome can cause damage to what structures?

Answer 2

Foot extensor muscles
Anterior tibial artery
Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve–caused decreased sensation between the first and second toes, decreased dorsiflexion of the foot, foot drop, claw foot

Question 3

Measure urine _____ concentration can help determine the cause of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 3

Chloride

Question 4

What is the role of IL-2?

Answer 4

Simulates growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, and NK cells

Question 5

Bone specific alkaline phosphatase reflects activity of what?

Answer 5

Osteoblastic activity

Question 6

Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, urinary hydroxyproline and urinary deoxypyridinoline reflect activity of what and which is the most reliable of the 3?

Answer 6

Osteoclastic activity

Urinary deoxypryridinoline most reliable

Question 7

1st line treatment for bipolar include what meds?

Answer 7

Lithium
Valproate
2nd gen antipsychotic– Quetiapine

Question 8

What type of receptors contain a zinc finger motif –which is composed of zinc in the center of cysteine and histidine residues?

Answer 8

Intracellular receptors

• Steroids–Estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol
• Thyroid hormones
• Fat-souble vitamins– D, A, K, E

Question 9

What cranial nerve is affected when pt is unable to go down stairs due to vertical diplopia?

Answer 9

CN IV (trochlear) –superior oblique

–eye moves upward

Question 10

What cranial nerve is affected when pt presents with medially directed eye that cannot abduct?

Answer 10

CN VI–(abducens)–lateral rectus

Question 11

ETOH inhibits _____ and can cause hypoglycemia once hepatic glycogen stores are depleted?

Answer 11

Gluconeogenesis

Question 12

What lipid lowering agent can cause a gout flareup?

Answer 12

Niacin–due to its ability to decrease uric acid excretion into the urine

Question 13

What stain is used to Dx Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease) and what is absorbing the stain?

Answer 13

Periodic acid-Schiff stain–stains the glycogen –> glycoprotein present in the cell wall
–Foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria–turn magenta with PAS

Question 14

What is the bluish stain within reticulocytes due to increased bone marrow turnover –accelerated release of immature RBCs (erythrocytes)?

Answer 14

Residual ribosome RNA

Question 15

What is the most common cause of hereditary hemochromatosis?

Answer 15

Missense mutation in the HFE gene–resulting in excessive intestinal iron absorption and organ damage due to iron accumulation with parenchymal tissues

Question 16

What are the functions of each of the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 16

SITS

Supraspinatus–controls abduction
Infraspinatus–controls external rotation
Teres minor–helps with external rotation and adduction
Subscapularis–helps with internal rotation and adduction

Question 17

What is indicated by an increase in gastrin release by injection of secretin?

Answer 17

ZES–gastrinoma

Normally secretin inhibits gastrin release from gastric G-cells and stimulates HCO3- release when acid is present

with ZES–secretin stimulates the release of Gastrin from the gastrinoma