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Psychology Paper 1 > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What did Wundt do?

A

Published the first book in psychology
Opened the first lab in Germany
Aimed to describe human consciousness carefully and scientifically

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2
Q

Introspection

A

“Looking into”- participants were asked to reflect on their own cognitive processes and describe

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3
Q

Stages/features of introspection

A
  1. Presented with a stimulus
  2. Inspect thoughts, and report back on emotions that resulted from stimulus
  3. Draw conclusions and compare all responses + strengths and weaknesses
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4
Q

Controlled procedures and standardised instructions

A

For all participants
Stimuli presented in the same order

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Identifying structure of consciousness by breaking it up thoughts, images and sensations
->Married start of scientific psychology

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6
Q

Strengths of Wundt’s methods

A

SCIENTIFIC
-Within a controlled lab setting
-SP, all received same info + tested same way
–>forerunner to later scientific approaches

PIONEERING
-Produced the first academic journal and first textbook, set foundation for approaches

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Wundt’s methods

A

SUBJECTIVE
-relies on non observable responses-unconscious?
-subjective data- hard to establish general principles, not reliably reproduced by others
REDUCTIONIST
-Wundt only looked at everything in its simplest form which means it oversimplifies the human mind(bio, psychological, social, cultural)

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8
Q

FORE

A

Falsifiability- possibility of false hypothesis via testing
Objectivity- measurements affect by researcher expectations
Replicability- accurate recording of procedures to allow reliable replication
Empirical methods- using observation/testing to gain knowledge

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9
Q

1900s- Early behaviourists rejected introspection

A

Introspections was subjective as it is personal perspective
Behaviourist- scientific psychology should only study observable phenomena

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10
Q

1930s- Behaviourist scientific approach dominated

A

Skinner brought language +rigour
Behaviourist- observable empirical data about learning and the use of controlled lab studies
->dominated for 50 yrs

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11
Q

1950s- Cognitive approach studied mental processes scientifically

A

Cognitive psychologist likened the mind to a computer and tested memory and attention predictions using experiments

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12
Q

1980s- Biological approach introduced technological advances

A

Bio psychologists took advantage of recent tech advances, including scanning

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13
Q

Strengths of psychology as a science

A

SCIENTIFIC CLAIM
used controlled environments like labs and unbiased replicable methods like standardised instructions- allow for replication= reliability=validity

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14
Q

Weaknesses of psychology as a science

A

SUBJECTIVE METHODS + DATA
humanistic approach= no formulation of general laws of behaviour
psychodynamic approach= case studies, unrepresentative samples
humans= demand characteristics
EXPERIMENTAL REDUCTIONISM
complex behaviour reduced to isolated variable for testing- explains behaviour but ignores other influences

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15
Q

Unconscious in determining behaviour

A

Childhood experiences are important in adult development (distressing events become part of the unconscious mind)

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16
Q

Conscious

A

Things we are aware of

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17
Q

Preconscious

A

Brought into conscious mind

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18
Q

Subconscious

A

Unacceptable or unpleasant things outside of our consciousness

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19
Q

The Id

A

Pleasure principle- instincts to sex + aggression

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20
Q

The Ego

A

Reality principle- balances the id and superego

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21
Q

The Superego

A

Morality principle- after socialisation, moral conscience

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22
Q

Oral stage

A

0-1 years
mouth and sucking is primary source of pleasure

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23
Q

Oral stage fixation

A

Smoking, overeating

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24
Q

Anal stage

A

1-3
Involves the membranes of the anal region
toilet training= major demand
ego develops

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25
Anal stage fixation
Overly messy, anally retentive
26
Phallic stage
3-6 Involves the genitals Oedipus complex and castration anxiety superego develops= identification with parents + internalisation of their moral standards
27
Phallic stage fixation
Masturbation
28
Latency stage
6-12 Less concentration on the sexual area Previous conflicts repressed resulting in little recalled from childhood
29
Latency stage fixation
extreme perfectionism, rigidity, or an inability to maintain intimacy
30
Genital stage
After puberty primary source of pleasure is hetero relationships fixation may prevent this with sexual perversions/ homosexuality
31
Repression
Defense mechanism where traumatic memories are forced into the unconscious unless they break through
32
Denial
Deny event to prevent anxiety
33
Displacement
Redirection of an emotion to an easier target
34
Strength of Psychodynamic Approach- Psychoanalysis
First attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically Claims to help clients in everyday Forerunner to modern talking therapies
35
Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach- Gender bias
Androcentric Ignored female sexuality- alpha bias Jung made electra complex and said women have a less developed superego
36
Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach- FORE
is not falsifiable or scientific, was self interpreted
37
Strength of Psychodynamic Approach- Fisher and Greenberg
2500 studies compare well with studies relevant to any major area of psychology support for existence of unconscious motivation in humans + ego defence mechanisms
38
Behaviourism
all behaviour is learnt and influenced by the environment
39
Behaviourists are only interested in studying what type of behaviour
Observable and measurable behaviour
40
Classical conditioning
Learning through association- Pavlov
41
Pavlov Dog study
Found dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell and show a NS can come to elicit a new learned response
42
Neutral stimulus
An event that produces no response
43
Unconditioned stimulus
Produces an unlearned reflex response
44
Unconditioned response
Innate unlearnt reflex behaviour that is produced from a UCS
45
Conditioned stimulus
Event that produces a learned response
46
Conditioned response
Learned behaviour that is produced when exposed to a conditioned stimulus
47
Timing (feature of CC)
if NS cant predict UCS= no conditioning
48
Stimulus generalisation(feature of CC)
When animal is conditioned= response to similar stimuli
49
Extinction(feature of CC)
CR is not permanently established, after presented many times without UCS, ability is lost
50
Spontaneous recovery
if UC and UCS paired after extinction, link is made quicker
51
Operant conditioning
Learning by consequences
52
Positive and negative reinforcement
positive- add something pleasant so behaviour is more likely to occur negative= removing unpleasant experience so behaviour is more likely to occur
53
Positive and negative punishment
positive- adding an unpleasant experience so behaviour is less likely to be repeated negative- removing a pleasant experience so undesirable behaviour is less likely to be repeated
54
Strengths of behaviourism
Focuses on observable behaviour- stimulus-response units Real life application- treatments especially in systematic desensitisation of phobias
55
Weaknesses of behaviourism
Reductionist- oversimplifies and ignores other important influences All nature- ignores free will/ biological Ethics- animals used in studies Applicability- animals are not humans, can the same strategy by applied?
56
Social learning theory
proposed by Bandura includes direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with role of cognitive factors
57
Elements of SLT
Modelling-live models or symbolic Imitation- copying the behaviours of another person Identification- similar characteristics influence likelihood of imitation Vicarious reinforcement- reward or watching reward given increases likelihood
58
Mediational processes ARMR
Attention- whether we notice Retention- remember longterm Motivation- is it worth it? Reproduction- physically perform?
59
Strengths of SLT
Real life application- cultural differences being transmitted + explains aggression Research- Bandura
60
Weaknesses of SLT
Lab based- demand characteristics, hard to apply Deterministic- we cant control it
61
How did Bandura counter determinism
Reciprocal determinism, we exert some influence also Has more face validity- more optimistic
62
Soft determinism
Acknowledges role of free will

Psychology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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