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Psychology Paper 1 > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Wundt do?

A

Published the first book in psychology
Opened the first lab in Germany
Aimed to describe human consciousness carefully and scientifically

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2
Q

Introspection

A

“Looking into”- participants were asked to reflect on their own cognitive processes and describe

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3
Q

Stages/features of introspection

A
  1. Presented with a stimulus
  2. Inspect thoughts, and report back on emotions that resulted from stimulus
  3. Draw conclusions and compare all responses + strengths and weaknesses
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4
Q

Controlled procedures and standardised instructions

A

For all participants
Stimuli presented in the same order

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Identifying structure of consciousness by breaking it up thoughts, images and sensations
->Married start of scientific psychology

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6
Q

Strengths of Wundt’s methods

A

SCIENTIFIC
-Within a controlled lab setting
-SP, all received same info + tested same way
–>forerunner to later scientific approaches

PIONEERING
-Produced the first academic journal and first textbook, set foundation for approaches

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Wundt’s methods

A

SUBJECTIVE
-relies on non observable responses-unconscious?
-subjective data- hard to establish general principles, not reliably reproduced by others
REDUCTIONIST
-Wundt only looked at everything in its simplest form which means it oversimplifies the human mind(bio, psychological, social, cultural)

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8
Q

FORE

A

Falsifiability- possibility of false hypothesis via testing
Objectivity- measurements affect by researcher expectations
Replicability- accurate recording of procedures to allow reliable replication
Empirical methods- using observation/testing to gain knowledge

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9
Q

1900s- Early behaviourists rejected introspection

A

Introspections was subjective as it is personal perspective
Behaviourist- scientific psychology should only study observable phenomena

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10
Q

1930s- Behaviourist scientific approach dominated

A

Skinner brought language +rigour
Behaviourist- observable empirical data about learning and the use of controlled lab studies
->dominated for 50 yrs

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11
Q

1950s- Cognitive approach studied mental processes scientifically

A

Cognitive psychologist likened the mind to a computer and tested memory and attention predictions using experiments

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12
Q

1980s- Biological approach introduced technological advances

A

Bio psychologists took advantage of recent tech advances, including scanning

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13
Q

Strengths of psychology as a science

A

SCIENTIFIC CLAIM
used controlled environments like labs and unbiased replicable methods like standardised instructions- allow for replication= reliability=validity

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14
Q

Weaknesses of psychology as a science

A

SUBJECTIVE METHODS + DATA
humanistic approach= no formulation of general laws of behaviour
psychodynamic approach= case studies, unrepresentative samples
humans= demand characteristics
EXPERIMENTAL REDUCTIONISM
complex behaviour reduced to isolated variable for testing- explains behaviour but ignores other influences

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15
Q

Unconscious in determining behaviour

A

Childhood experiences are important in adult development (distressing events become part of the unconscious mind)

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16
Q

Conscious

A

Things we are aware of

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17
Q

Preconscious

A

Brought into conscious mind

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18
Q

Subconscious

A

Unacceptable or unpleasant things outside of our consciousness

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19
Q

The Id

A

Pleasure principle- instincts to sex + aggression

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20
Q

The Ego

A

Reality principle- balances the id and superego

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21
Q

The Superego

A

Morality principle- after socialisation, moral conscience

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22
Q

Oral stage

A

0-1 years
mouth and sucking is primary source of pleasure

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23
Q

Oral stage fixation

A

Smoking, overeating

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24
Q

Anal stage

A

1-3
Involves the membranes of the anal region
toilet training= major demand
ego develops

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25
Q

Anal stage fixation

A

Overly messy, anally retentive

26
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-6
Involves the genitals
Oedipus complex and castration anxiety
superego develops= identification with parents + internalisation of their moral standards

27
Q

Phallic stage fixation

A

Masturbation

28
Q

Latency stage

A

6-12
Less concentration on the sexual area
Previous conflicts repressed resulting in little recalled from childhood

29
Q

Latency stage fixation

A

extreme perfectionism, rigidity, or an inability to maintain intimacy

30
Q

Genital stage

A

After puberty
primary source of pleasure is hetero relationships
fixation may prevent this with sexual perversions/ homosexuality

31
Q

Repression

A

Defense mechanism where traumatic memories are forced into the unconscious unless they break through

32
Q

Denial

A

Deny event to prevent anxiety

33
Q

Displacement

A

Redirection of an emotion to an easier target

34
Q

Strength of Psychodynamic Approach- Psychoanalysis

A

First attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically
Claims to help clients in everyday
Forerunner to modern talking therapies

35
Q

Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach- Gender bias

A

Androcentric
Ignored female sexuality- alpha bias
Jung made electra complex and said women have a less developed superego

36
Q

Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach- FORE

A

is not falsifiable or scientific, was self interpreted

37
Q

Strength of Psychodynamic Approach- Fisher and Greenberg

A

2500 studies compare well with studies relevant to any major area of psychology
support for existence of unconscious motivation in humans + ego defence mechanisms

38
Q

Behaviourism

A

all behaviour is learnt and influenced by the environment

39
Q

Behaviourists are only interested in studying what type of behaviour

A

Observable and measurable behaviour

40
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association- Pavlov

41
Q

Pavlov Dog study

A

Found dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell and show a NS can come to elicit a new learned response

42
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

An event that produces no response

43
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Produces an unlearned reflex response

44
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Innate unlearnt reflex behaviour that is produced from a UCS

45
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Event that produces a learned response

46
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned behaviour that is produced when exposed to a conditioned stimulus

47
Q

Timing (feature of CC)

A

if NS cant predict UCS= no conditioning

48
Q

Stimulus generalisation(feature of CC)

A

When animal is conditioned= response to similar stimuli

49
Q

Extinction(feature of CC)

A

CR is not permanently established, after presented many times without UCS, ability is lost

50
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

if UC and UCS paired after extinction, link is made quicker

51
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning by consequences

52
Q

Positive and negative reinforcement

A

positive- add something pleasant so behaviour is more likely to occur
negative= removing unpleasant experience so behaviour is more likely to occur

53
Q

Positive and negative punishment

A

positive- adding an unpleasant experience so behaviour is less likely to be repeated
negative- removing a pleasant experience so undesirable behaviour is less likely to be repeated

54
Q

Strengths of behaviourism

A

Focuses on observable behaviour- stimulus-response units
Real life application- treatments especially in systematic desensitisation of phobias

55
Q

Weaknesses of behaviourism

A

Reductionist- oversimplifies and ignores other important influences
All nature- ignores free will/ biological
Ethics- animals used in studies
Applicability- animals are not humans, can the same strategy by applied?

56
Q

Social learning theory

A

proposed by Bandura includes direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with role of cognitive factors

57
Q

Elements of SLT

A

Modelling-live models or symbolic
Imitation- copying the behaviours of another person
Identification- similar characteristics influence likelihood of imitation
Vicarious reinforcement- reward or watching reward given increases likelihood

58
Q

Mediational processes ARMR

A

Attention- whether we notice
Retention- remember longterm
Motivation- is it worth it?
Reproduction- physically perform?

59
Q

Strengths of SLT

A

Real life application- cultural differences being transmitted + explains aggression
Research- Bandura

60
Q

Weaknesses of SLT

A

Lab based- demand characteristics, hard to apply
Deterministic- we cant control it

61
Q

How did Bandura counter determinism

A

Reciprocal determinism, we exert some influence also
Has more face validity- more optimistic

62
Q

Soft determinism

A

Acknowledges role of free will

Psychology Paper 1 (10 decks)

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