Approaches

Question 1

What are the evaluation points for the humanistic approach?

Answer 1

-) anti-reductionist
C.P-> Lacks enoiugh empirical evidence to support aims
+) positive approach
-) cultural bias

Question 2

How is being anti-reductionist a limitation of the humanisitc approach?

Answer 2

P - anti-reductionist
Ev - as humanistic psychologitsts refuse to reject any attempt to break up behaviour and experiences into smaller components
Ex - advocate holism, subjective experience can onyl be understood when considering the whole person
L- approach may have more validity than alternatives as it considers meanignful human behaviour in real-world context

Question 3

What is a counter of anti-reductionism is humanistic psychology?

Answer 3

P - relatively few concepts that can be reduced to single variables and measured
Ev - lacks empirical evidence to support it’s claims
L - not useful IAPIAPATT

Question 4

How is being positive a strength of the humanisitc approach?

Answer 4

P - humanisitc psychologists promote positive image of the human condition, seeing people as in control of their lives and having the freedom to change
Ev - Freud sees humans as slaves to their past and said we all exist simewhere between common unhapiness and absoloute depsiar
Ex - H.S offers refreshing, optimistic alternative
L - useful anf valuable IAPIAPATT

Question 5

How is cultural bias a limitation of humanistic psychology?

Answer 5

P - many humanisitic ideas associated with individualidt cultures like US
Ev - Collecitivist cultures may not identify greatly with H.A
Ex- approach lacks generelaisability and is a product of the cultural context it was developed in

Question 6

What are the evaluation points of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 6

+) introduced psychotherapy
C.P-> Psychoanalysis is inappropiate for some mental disorders
-) includes untestable cocepts
+) explanatory power

Question 7

How is introducing psychotherapy a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 7

P - Freud’s psychoanalysis 1st attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically
Ev - Psychoanalysis claims to help clients with everyday problems by providing acsess to their unconscious
Ex - psychoanalysis is the fore-runner to talking therapies like counselling
L - valuable IAPIAPATT

Question 8

What is a counter for the psychodynamic approach introducing psychotherapy?

Answer 8

P - sucsessfu for patients with mild neuroses, harmful for more serious mental disorders
Ev - Schizophrenia
L - Freudian theory may not help with mental disorders when client has lost touch with reality

Question 9

How is explanatory power a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 9

P - huge influence on Western contemporary thought
Ev - used to explain a wide range of behaviours and drew attention to the influence of childhood on adult personality
Ex- suggests the psychodynamic approach has had a positive influence on psychology and modern-day thinking
L - useful IAPIAPATT

Question 10

How is including untestable concepts a limitation of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 10

P - Popper said that the P.A doesnt meet the criteria of falsiaification
Ev - many of Freud’s concepts like Oedipus complex and Id occur at an unconscious level making it dfficult to test
Ex - Freud’s ideas lack scientific rigour, pesudoscience rather than real science

Question 11

What are the evaluation points for the biological approach?

Answer 11

+) RWA
C.P - > research evidence does not support
+)scientific methods
-) determinist explanations

Question 12

How is RWA a strength of the biological approach?

Answer 12

P - RWA as understanding of neurochemical proceses in the brain led to use of psychoactive drugs to treat serious mental disorders
Ev - drugs that treat clinical depression, increase seretonin and reduce depressive symptoms
Ex - people with depression are more iikely to manage condition and live a normal life, rather than confined to a hospital
L - valuable in society

Question 13

What is a counter for the RWA of the biological approach?

Answer 13

P - everyone responds differently to drugs
Ev - Cipriani et al (2018) compared 21 antidepressants and found wide variations of effectiveness
Ex - challenges B.A as it suggests brain chemistry alone may not account for all cases of depression

Question 14

How uis using scientific methods a strength of the BA?

Answer 14

P - uses precise and objective methods
Ev - include scnaning techniques like fMRI which assess biologicla processes in ways not open to bias
Ex - based on objective and reliable data
L - scientific credibility

Question 15

How is determinism a limitation of the BA

Answer 15

P - Biological expalantions tend to be determinist, as it believes human behaviour is governed by internal, genetic causes we have no control over
Ev - environment heavily influences pheniotype as not even genetically indentical twins look and think exactly the same
L - suggests biological view is too simple and ignores the effect of the environment- cannot fully explain human behaiour

Question 16

What are the evaluation points of the cognitive approach?

Answer 16

+) Uses scientific and objective methods
C.P - > lacks external valdiity
-) RWA
-) machine reductionist

Question 17

How is using objective and scientific methods a strength of the cognitive approach?

Answer 17

P - cognitive psychologists always use controlled and rigorous methods of study like lab studies to infer cognitive processes at work
Ev - fields of biology and cognitive psychology formed congitive neuroscience
Ex - study of mind has a credible scientific basis

Question 18

What is a counter of the cognitive approach using scientific and objective methods?

Answer 18

Ev - use of inference and Artificial stimuli sometimes used
Ex - lacks external validity and means C.S can sometimes be abstract and theoretical

Question 19

How is RWA a strength of the Cognitive approach?

Answer 19

P - dominant today and has been applied to a range of practical and theoretical contexts
Ev - AI ,development of robots, treatment of depression and EWT
Ex - valuable approach
L - useful IAPIAPATT

Question 20

What are the evaluation points of SLT?

Answer 20

+) emphasises importance of congitive factors
-) contrived lab studies
+) RWA

Question 20

How is machine reductionism a limitation of the cognitive approach?

Answer 20

P - although there are similarities, human mind has been reduced to computers (inputs, outputs, central processor, storage systems), when human minds are more complex
Ev - emotion and motivation found to influence accuracy of recall e.g EWT. these factors not considered in computer analogy
Ex - machine redutionism weakens validity of C.A
L - not helpful IAPIAPATT

Question 21

How is emphasising the importance of congitive factors a strength of SLT?

Answer 21

P - Classical and operant conditioning ignore cognitive factors so they cannot offer a compreensive account of human learning alone
Ev - humans and animals store info and use this to make judgements about when it is appropriate to perform certain actions
Ex - SLT recognises mediational processes so offers more complete explantion of human learning

Question 22

What is a counter of SLT emphasising the importance of cognitive factors?

Answer 22

Ev - recent research found observational learning controlled by mirror neurones in the brain, allows us to empathise with and imitate others
Ex - means SLT does not take biological factors into account enough

Question 23

How is heavy reliance on contrived lab studies a limitation of SLT?

Answer 23

P - Heavy reliance on evidence form contrived lab studies
Ev - Bandura observed behaviour in lab settings which could lead to demand charactersitics,
Ex - main purpose of bobo doll is to hit so children may have been behaving as they thought was expected
L - research tells us very little about how children actually learn aggression in everyday life

Question 24

How is RWA a strength of SLT?

Answer 24

P - SLT could be responsible for how children learn from others around them, as well as through the media, and this can explain how cultural norms are transmitted Ev - useful in understanding a range of behaviours like how children come to understand their gender role by imitating role models in media Ex - increases value of SLT, can account for real world behaviour

Question 25

What are the evaluation points for the behaviourist approach?

Answer 25

+) uses well-controlled research -) RWA -) environmental determinism

Question 26

How is well-controlled research a strength of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 26

P - well-controlled research Ev - Behaviourists have broken behaviour down into stimulus-response units and studied casual relationships Ex - suggests that behaviourist experiments have scientific credibility L - useful IPAIAPATT

Question 27

What is a counter of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 27

P - oversimpifies learning and ignores important influences on behaviour like thought . Other approaches like SLT and congitive include this Ex - learning is more complex than what we can observe

Question 28

How is RWA a strength of behaviourism?

Answer 28

P - RWA Ev - Token economy systems reward appropiate behaviour with tokens that are exchanged for priveliges - used in psychiatric wards and prisons Ex - widespread applicaiton so increases approaches value L - valuable, detrimental to socety

Question 29

How is ethical issues a limitation of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 29

P - ethical issues Ev - procedures like skinner's box allowed behaviourists to have lots of control over their subjects Ex - animals housed in cramped conditions and deliberately kept below natural weight so alwasy hungry L - enormous benefits like application to token economy system offsets the harm animals experienced

Question 30

What are the evaluation points of the Origins of psychology?

Answer 30

+) some aspects are scientific -) some aspects are subjective +) Modern psychology can claim to be scientific -) some approaches use subjective data

Question 31

How is some aspects being scientfic a strength of the origins of psychology?

Answer 31

P - some aspects of Wundt's work are scientific Ev - controlled lab setting and standardised procedures Ex - participants recieve same info and tested in the same way L - Wundt's research can be considered a fore-runner to the later scientific approaches to psychology

Question 32

How is some aspects of research being subjective?

Answer 32

P - some aspects are sibjective Ev - Wundt relied on ppts self-reporting their private mental processes Ex - difficult to establish meaningful laws of bhaviour one of the aims of science L - so Wundt's early efforts to study mind were naive and would not meet the criteria of scientific enquiry

Question 33

How is modern psychology claiming to be scientific a strength of the Origins of psychology?

Answer 33

P - claims to be scientific Ev - same aims as natural science - to describe, understand, predict, control behaviour Ex - SLT, congitive, biological all use scientific methods L- throughout 20th century, psychology is established as a scientific discipline

Question 34

How is some approaches using subjective data a limitation of the origins of psychology?

Answer 34

P - some approaches rely on subjective data Ev - H.A focusses on unique individual experiences rather than creating general rules Ex - makes it difficult to produce objective, measurable findings as data is not easily generalised. C.S use small unrepresentative samples that may lead to biased conclusions L - reliance on subjective data limits osychology's ability to be regarded as a scientfic discipline