๐ ๐๐๐๐ถ๐๐ธ๐ฝ ๐๐๐๐ฝ๐๐น๐ Flashcards
Lab study
study where researcher has a high level of control over all variables in the study
experimenter controls environmental factors
and the ppt experience using standardised procedures
researcher manipulates IV
measures change in DV
What are the strengths of lab studies?
Researchers can establish a cause and effect relationship between IV and DV
High IV
change in DV due to change in IV
easily-replicated due to standardised procedures
What are the limitations of lab studies?
lack ecological validity
cannot be applied to real-world situations
lack mundane realism so lower external validity
ppts know theyre in a study - D.C
Field experiments
study conducted in a natural setting
to avoid artificial nature of lab studies
shops, work, school, where ppts behave naturally
researcher still changes IV
What is a strength of a field experiment?
ppts behave more naturally so higher ecological validity
have mundane realism
not show D.C - unaware theyre in exp
What is a limitation of a field study?
lack control over extraenous variables
that could change dependent variable
difficult to randomly assign ppts to separate conditions
ppt variables can change DV and reduce IV
Natural experiments
2 levels of IV occur naturally in the real world
without researchers influence
IV not changed by researcher
changes in DV measured
changes in DV are still measured but other possible variables that could change the DV cannot be controlled
What is a strength of a natural experiment?
allows research in areas that couldnโt happen in controlled examination due to ethical / cost reasons
high external val. = real behaviour occuring in real world
free of D.C
What is a limitation of a natural experiment?
extraenous variables cannot be controlled
res. cannot claim cause and effect relationship
cannot be replicated to test for reliability
What is a quasi experiment?
ppts cannot be randomly assigned to different levels of IV
bc level of IV is an innate characterisitc of ppts
IV already exists in ppts
so ppts cannot be randomised between conditions of an experiment
DV is measured
Other variables that could affect DV kept constant
What is a strength of Quasi experiment?
only way to study factors that are pre-existing characterisitics of ppts
What is a limitation of a quasi experiment?
confounding variables alter DV
Observation
Non-experimental technique
res. records natural behav. of ppts without manipulating levels of IVC
Controlled obsv
aspects of env. controlled
to give ppts same XP.
lab setting
What is a strength of controlled obsv?
same XP
reduces likelihood extr. variables are responsible for obsv. behav.
reliable using standardised procedures
What is a limitation of controlled obsv?
artificial nature -> unnatural behaviour
unlike behaviour in real-life situations
Naturalistic obsv
obsv takes place in real world
places where ppts spend their time
What is a strength of naturalistic obsv?
high realism - more naturalistic behaviour
external validity
more likely to be generalisable to other situations
What is a limitation of naturalistic obsv?
uncontrolled extraneous variables
responsible for behaviour observed
lower IV
Overt observation
ppts can see researcher
aware behav. is being obsv.
What is a strength of overt observation?
ethical
informed consent
What is a limitation of overt observation?
D.C likely
social desirability
Covert obsv
ppts not aware theyre being observed
cant see someone taking notes / recording
What is a strength of covert obsv?
ppts show naturalistic behaviour
no D.C
no social-desirability bias
What is a limitation of covert obsv?
unethical
ppts cant give informed consent
ppt obsv
researcher joins group being observed and takes part in groupโs activities and convos
What is a strength of ppt obsv?
researcher may build rapport
more trust + comfort -> ppts act more naturally, disclose more
What is a limitation of ppts obsv?
researcher may lose objectivity
biased as they situation from ppt pov
going native
Non-ppt obsv
researcher is separate from ppts
recoding obsv w/out taking part in group activities
What is a strength of non-ppt obsv?
researcher more likely to remain objective
in interp. of ppt behav.
What is a limitation of non-ppt obsv?
lack of trust / rapport with ppts
researcher misses out on important insights
ppts dont behave naturally
