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E-175; Operations > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

CAT I Approach and landing minima: (4)

A

TDZ RVR is controlling, visibility below 1/2 sm not authorized, MID RVR can be substituted for TDZ RVR if TDZ RVR is not available, can go down to 1800 RVR if there’s TDZ lights and/or CL lights.

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2
Q

1800 RVR without/inop TDZ lights and/or CL lights are approved if: (2)

A

Approach has an 1800 RVR minimum in the procedure, crew is required to engage FD until DA/missed approach/runway in sight

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3
Q

DA approach minimum

A

DA rounded up to 10’

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4
Q

CAT II Approach Minimum:

A

RA rounded up to 5’

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5
Q

MDA approach minimum

A

MDA + 50’

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6
Q

MDA + Ballnote approach minimum

A

MDA as DA

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7
Q

MDA (LOC) Approach minimum:

A

MDA rounded up to 100’

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8
Q

LP approach minima:

A

Not authorized!

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9
Q

Circle-to-land approach minima:

A

MDA cat D; never less than 1000’ HAA. Rounded up to 100’; visibility at least 3 sm

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10
Q

“Approach lights, continue”?

A

Can descend up to 100’ above TDZE

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11
Q

What do you need to operate below DA/MDA?

A

Land using normal maneuvers within the TDZ, flight vis is not less than the visibility prescribed on the approach and one of the following 10 visible references: ALS, threshold/“ markings/“ lights, REIL, VASI, runway/“ markings/“ lights, touchdown zone/“ markings/TDZL

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12
Q

What’s the minimum runway length for landing?

A

5400’. Reduced to 5000’ at SAAT 3 or lower airports when field elevation is below 4000’

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13
Q

CAT II visibility requirements:

A

TDZ is required and may NOT be substituted; all other RVR reports that are available are controlling (except for far end). 1400 TDZ (if only available RVR); If there’s multiple RVR, TDZ is required, and you need at least two RVR read outs (either MID or RO): 1200 TDZ/ 600 MID (if reporting)/ 300 RO, if RO inoperative MID may be substituted if 600 or more, far end maybe substituted if 300 or more. Far end may be used as RO and must be at least 300 or more.

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14
Q

CAT II requirements: (6)

A

CA only (but not baby CA), autopilot must be used, max crosswind is 12 knots, flaps 5 only, CATII/stall prot ice speeds, verify APP2

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15
Q

CAT II ceiling minimums: (3)

A

Lowest authorized published RA setting is 80’, DH is limited to 100’ above TDZ, CAT II operations not authorized using INNER MARKER derived DH

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16
Q

Circling approaches, what weather does it at least have to be?

A

At least 1000’ and 3 sm, or charted minimums (whatever is higher); MDA must be 1000’ above field or charted minimums, whichever higher

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17
Q

What is SKW recommended circling maneuver?

A
  1. At FAF: gear down, F3. Set circling minimum in altitude selector. 2. At MDA: continue to MAP until rw in sight or GA. 3. Enter downwind leg using HDG mode parallel to the runway, +- 1.5 nm abeam. 4. Base turn 20 seconds after passing abeam threshold. Select landing flaps, Vap, GA alt, Before Landing Checklist.
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18
Q

What does a visual approach/CVFP require? (3)

A

Flight is operated and remains in B/C/D airspace, within 35m if in class E, or beneath the designated transition area. Flight is under control of ATC. Basic VFR cloud clearances.

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19
Q

When can you cancel IFR at a controlled airport? (4)

A

When within B/C/D or 10 miles of destination if in class E. Direct communication with ATC. Monitor traffic advisories. Basic VFR cloud clearances.

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20
Q

What do you need to cancel IFR at uncontrolled airports? (3)

A

Flight is operated within 10nm of destination OR visual reference with landing surface is established and maintains. Monitor CTAF. VFR cloud clearances.

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21
Q

Explain Vref.

A

Reference speed for final approach. Minimum speed at 50’ over threshold.

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22
Q

What is Vap? What is the min/max Vap adjustments?

A

Speed on final approach, in landing configuration. Vap = Vref + 1/2 the steady state headwind COMPONENT, plus the full gust increment. Without Stall Prot Ice Speeds: minimum Vap = Vref+5, maximum Vap=Vref+20. With Stall Prot Ice Speeds or a CATII approach: minimum Vap = Vref + 0, maximum Vap = Vref+20

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23
Q

What are the LAHSO restrictions? (10)

A

PIC has final authority to reject/accept a LAHSO. WX minima: 1000’ 3sm (if PAPI/VASI) or 1500’ 5sm. No windshear reported in last 20 minutes. Tailwind less than 3 knots. Stabilized by 1000’ HAT (straight-in) or MDA; or 500’ HAT when circling. Landing distance is less than LAHSO distance. Touchdown in 1st 1/3rd of runway or 3000’, whichever is less. No MEL affecting stopping capability of aircraft. Cant accept below 1000’ AGL. Dry runway.

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24
Q

Crosswind limitation: dry runway?

A

38 knots (SKW)

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25
Q

Crosswind limitation: wet runway

A

31 knots (SKW)

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26
Q

Crosswind limitation: compact snow

A

20 knots (SkyWest)

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27
Q

What are baby captain limitations? (4)

A

Add 1/2sm for filing purposes. Add 1/2sm + 100’ to shoot an approach. RVR 1800 is baby captain RVR 4500 equivalent (full table with all RVR conversions in FOM, this is the lowest). Alternate: once arriving at alternate airport, do not raise approach minimums but never use less than 300-1.

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28
Q

When can a baby SIC not land or take-off? (7)

A

Special airports. Visibility <3/4sm. RVR <4000. BA less than good or a runway CC of 5 or less. Crosswind more than 15 knots (20 knots if normal SIC). Windshear reported. Any other condition determined by the PIC.

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29
Q

Stabilized approach by 1500’ HAT or FAF (whichever is first): (3)

A

Gear down. Flap 3. Speed no greater than 180 knots.

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30
Q

Stabilized approach by 1000’ HAT: (4)

A

On lateral and vertical profile. Speed within +15 knots and -5 knots of Vap. Sink rate no greater than 1000f/m. Aircraft fully configured for landing and checklist completed.

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31
Q

Stabilized approach criteria by 500’ HAT: (2)

A

Airspeed within speed bug. Thrust levers above idle.

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32
Q

Explain TDZ markings:

A

Begin 500’ from threshold, spaced every 500’ for the 1st 3000’

33
Q

Describe aiming points:

A

1000’ from threshold

34
Q

Describe runway edge lights:

A

White, then Amber last 2000’ or 1/2 of runway (whichever is less)

35
Q

Explained runway centerline lights (RCL):

A

Alternate red and white 3000’ from the runway end and continuous red 1000’ from the runway end

36
Q

If you elect to go around for a Windshear Caution, how would you activate windshear escape guidance?

A

Press the TOGA button.

37
Q

What should be done if the PF is not stabilized or a EGPWS warning is given?
Above 500 ft and below 500 ft.

A

The only time it is a mandatory go-around is when IMC below 500 ft. All other times = Correct the issue. Go-around if warning continues. PF states “correcting”

38
Q

For non-precision approaches using the FMS as the nav source, what must be displayed prior to the FAF?

A

APPR, 2NM prior to FAF.

39
Q

What should you do if DGRAD is displayed during an approach where the FMS is the nav source?

A

FMS data is unreliable and must not be used. Continue using raw data or execute a missed approach.

40
Q

What does LPV stand for? Are we authorized to LPV minima yet?

A

Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance. (Note: it is a GPS approach to lower minima than LNAV/VNAV because it has an increasingly sensitive glideslope the closer you get to the runway, similar to an ILS. Minima are typically 200 to 250’ AGL, which is usually the lowest available on a GPS approach). Yes, for aircraft that are equipped for it.

41
Q

What must the crew verify for an LPV approach? Is the FD req’d to be used?

A

Verify WAAS Channel and Approach ID (shown on the approach plate) match what is stored in the FMS. Yes. (Note: we are NOT authorized to conduct LP minima yet)

42
Q

What are two major advantages of an LPV approach?

A

They eliminate hot and cold temperature effects and incorrect altimeter settings will not affect the DA.

43
Q

What will be displayed on the FMA during a CATII approach? What happens if the airplane senses an issue that might affect a CATII approach? How do you tell the airplane you’ll be doing a CATII approach?

A

APPR2. The green APPR2, will change to an amber APPR1 and begin flashing. By setting RA minimums

44
Q

If the published RA is below ___ for a CATII approach, DH will be set to ___.

A

80 ft, 80 ft.

45
Q

___ dot localizer or ___ dot glideslope deviations below ___ feet require a go-around on a CATII.

A

1/3, 1, 500 ft.

46
Q

How do you test the RA Altimeter?

A

Through the MCDU: MENU> MISC > TEST> (test pg 2/2) RAD ALT (press test again to stop test).

47
Q

What should you do if you have an engine failure during a flaps 5 approach?

A

The airplane is already in the required landing configuration for a OEI landing. A speed adjustment is the only thing necessary to continue the approach. (In most cases a 10 kt (no ice), 15 kt (ice) is enough to comply with the speed requirement of (Vref FULL +20). Take into account the extra speed and lack of one reverser for runway distance.

48
Q

What should you do if you have an engine failure during a full flaps landing?

A

A go-around is recommended, as a reasonable increase in workload occurs. Including MCDU settings (heads down), flaps retraction, and speed adjustments.

49
Q

At what bank angle during a crosswind landing will a wing tip or nacelle strike occur?

A

18 degrees, 16 degrees if the struts are compressed.

50
Q

What are the biggest causes of a tail strike? What is the corrective action if you suspect a tail strike is imminent?

A

Beginning flare too high, prolonged flare. Immediately lower the pitch attitude and fly the aircraft to the runway before the airspeed dissipates any further.

51
Q

What is SkyWest’s RNP minimum?

A

RNP 0.3 for the approach, RNP 1.0 for the missed approach.

52
Q

With regards to RNP approaches, what is EPU, where is it found, and what must it remain within?

A

EPU = Estimated Position Uncertainty. Displayed on PROGRESS 1/3. Must remain within RNP value for each leg segment. (Note: crew is alerted by a scratchpad message if EPU gets out of tolerance)

53
Q

What are the speed limits for an RF Leg on an RNP approach?

A

Published speed on the chart or the following, whichever is LOWER: IAF to FAF = 250 kts, FAF to MAP = 165 kts (CAT D) IF there’s an RF leg
inside the Final Approach Segment, MAP to MAHP (missed appr. holding point) = 265 kts. (Note: the crew is responsible to comply with all speed restrictions, EVEN in the event of an early missed approach).

54
Q

Summarize the important things to remember about shooting an RNP approach.

A

With inop equipment refer to the the QRH “Required Equipment” tab. Check for WAAS notams.

At least one Pilot must display TERRAIN. Must use flaps 5 for landing (IF there’s an RF leg inside the Final Approach Segment). Ensure the plate has CAT D mins published if needed. Ensure the approach does not require less than RNP 0.3 for the approach or RNP 1.0 for the missed approach. Brief your loss of navigation contingency plan. You may not accept vectors to join an RF Leg. The autopilot must be used unless aligned with runway and in visual conditions, or there is no safer alternative than to continue in the event it fails. Do not modify the waypoints or cut corners between waypoints. More than one dot deviation laterally or vertically requires a missed approach (brief deviations up to two dots are allowed during turns). Once you begin the approach you must comply with all speed restrictions. If there is an RF leg in the final approach segment you must comply with the 165 knot restriction until passing the missed approach point. If you go missed early do NOT press the TOGA. 1. Call out “Discontinue”, deselect APP if armed and verify LNAV active 2. Manually set 165 knots 3. Set appropriate altitude and press FLCH 4. PM sequence the missed approach via MISSED APPR prompt on LSK 6L 5. Select FLAP 2 and GEAR UP (165 knots > green dot for flap 2). 6. Reaching the runway waypoint: Speed up. Clean up. (Note: Use the RNP Briefing Guide in the EFB to help remember all this. It is under QUICK REFERENCE LIBRARY…..APP BRIEFING GUIDES.

55
Q

When do the multifunction spoilers come out on landing? (3)

A

WOW. Thrust idle. Wheel spool-up.

56
Q

At what pitch on a landing does the tail skid?

A

10*.

57
Q

What speed is bugged on a GA? SE-GA?

A

GA: Vref+20. SE-GA: Vac.

58
Q

Explain Vac.

A

Vac: Approach Climb Speed. The speed to be used in case of a single engine go-around with GA Flaps and landing gear retracted.

59
Q

Explain Vap.

A

Vap: Approach Speed. The speed on the final approach, in landing configuration.

60
Q

Wake Turbulence Seperation Minimums?

A

Approach AND Departure: Behind 757 or smaller = No min separation. Behind a 767 = 3.5NM. Behind anything Bigger than a 767 (777, 787,
747, A340, etc)= 5 NM. Behind an A380 = 7NM.

61
Q

What approach category is the E-175?

A

Cat C…..normally. CAT D…..if; Doing an RNP approach with an
RF Leg INSIDE the FAF. Anytime your circling speed is 141 or higher. Anytime your Vap is 141 or higher (this may be due to wind gust compensation
or flap malfunction).

62
Q

Whats a good contingency plan for loss of navigation when on an RNP approach?

A

Initially, maintain current heading or bank angle, if on an RF leg. Steer away from terrain. Ask ATC for heading and altitude, or climb to MSA. Consider declaring an emergency. Consider use of ground-based navaids.

63
Q

What are reasons for unsatisfactory approaches, when recording an RNP?

A

NO RNP message, navigation position error, or loss of navigational signal; excessive lateral or vertical deviation; EGPWS or terrain warning; AP system disconnect; navigation database errors; and/or any other navigation or guidance system anomaly.

64
Q

How do you discontinue an approach without pressing the TOGA button?

A

Callout “DISCONTINUE” and perform the following:
Deselect APP, verify/select desired lateral mode displayed on the FMA. Set appropriate airspeed (165 knots if doing an RNP). Set appropriate altitude and select FLCH. Sequence the missed approach using the MISSED APPR prompt on FMS FLT PLAN page. Select go-around flaps. Select gear up. Passing the runway waypoint: speed up, clean up. Call, “CLIMB SEQUENCE, AFTER TAKEOFF CHECKLIST”.

65
Q

When are you required to go missed or discontinue the approach when on an RNP?

A

Lateral or vertical deviation of more than 1 dot, altitude miscompute, NO RNP displayed, FD fail - raw data.

66
Q

On an RNP, what are the altimeter tolerances and why?

A

Altimeters must be within 100 ft of each other and 100 ft of the published FAF altitude (allowing for temperature compensation) while on GP or a missed approach is required. PM performs an altimeter crosscheck at the FAF.

67
Q

What is generally different on a LOC ONLY approach? (3)

A

Both pilots display and monitor a cyan preview needle (LOC raw data). Use LNAV lateral mode to track the magenta course for the entire approach. Use VNAV PTH vertical mode to descend to minimums.

68
Q

When cleared for a LOC ONLY approach; what do you do? (3)

A

DO NOT ARM APP, DOING THIS ARMS GS MODE! Arm NAV, verify VNAV is active, set the derived minimum in the altitude selector (MDA rounded up to 100 ft increment!). The aircraft descends in PTH mode to the derived minimum.

69
Q

Whats the primary NAVAID on a LOC ONLY approach, and when does it make you go missed?

A

The cyan localizer is the primary NAVAID. A missed approach is required when the lateral deviation exceeds one dot during the final approach segment.

70
Q

On a LOC ONLY approach, what do you do when you have the runway in sight and you’re in an adequate position to land? (3) What do you do at minimums, when the runway is not in sight?

A

Runway in sight :) In the following order! Disconnect AP, clear PF’s FD, set the missed approach altitude.
No runway in sight :( Allow altitude capture. Set the missed approach altitude and execute the Missed Approach Procedure.

71
Q

How do you fly a VOR approach?

A

Basically like an RNAV, only difference is preview needle needs to be up.

72
Q

Are we allowed to do RNP approaches internationally? Are there exceptions?

A

Only allowed in Canada. Mexico calls RNAV approaches “RNP” (no AR in the title!). When the AR is missing, treat the approach as an RNAV approach. We can do RNAVs in Mexico but not RNPs!

73
Q

How do you fly a circling approach?

A

Basically like a localizer, but you stay within 3.6 NM of the field. Cat D @ 1000 ft.

Fully configured before reaching minimums (which is by the minimums, your level-off altitude). You have to turn base in-between the circling altitude and the beginning of the runway (this works best 1.5NM out from the runway imho).

Missed approach at any point? Turn to the MAP over the airport (this is the protected area).

Technique: Turn downwind 1.5NM before the circling runway, then turn on a 1.5NM downwind using X-TRACK on the MFD. When passing the landing threshold, wait 20 seconds before turning base.

74
Q

When you’re flying to a runway with ALSFII; how do you know based off the lights what the visibility is?

A

From the rabbit/steady white lights to the threshold: 2400 ft - 3000 ft.
From the red lights to the threshold: 1000 ft.

So… if you’re flying over the beginning of the red lights, and you can see slightly down the runway: 1200 RVR :)

75
Q

Describe the main differences on a PRM approach.

A

Monitor the break out frequency on COM2.
Intercept in magenta needles, but descend in green needles; everyone should be flying the same ground-based NAV.
The initial break out needs to be hand flown, you have 8 seconds to complete it.

76
Q

CQ QUESTION! In the FOM’s landing performance hierarchy - when reported, what should be used to determine landing performance?

A

Rwy CC values.

FOM CH 7

77
Q

CQ QUESTION! When the CCs are unavailable, what should be used to determine landing performance?

A

Contaminant type and Braking Action reports.

FOM CH 7

78
Q

CQ QUESTION! If RwyCC values for the same runway are different, i.e 5/4/3, which RwyCC value is used when performing a landing assessment?

A

3, the most restrictive.

FOM CH 7

79
Q

CQ QUESTION! Are RwyCCs bidirectional?

A

Yes, runways are evaluated to include displaced thresholds, and are measured equally in either direction.

E-175; Operations (10 decks)

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