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Pe 1 > Applied anatomy and physiology - Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology - Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

To learn the joints, muscles and movement patterns - the structure, function and nervous stimulation of a motor unit, muscle fibre recruitment and components of slow oxidative, afst oxidative glycolitic and fast glycolitic

1
Q

What is the importance of the skeleton?

A

Gives protection for internal organs, it is a site for blood cell production and mineral stores

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2
Q

What do synovial joints allow?

A

Free movement

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3
Q

What are the common features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Ligament
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Joint capsule
  5. Bursa
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4
Q

What is the structure of a ligament?

A

Tough band - connective tissue

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5
Q

what is the function of a ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints

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6
Q

What is the structure of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricating fluid within joint cavity

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7
Q

what is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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8
Q

what is the structure of articular cartilage?

A

Smooth tissue on the surface of articulating bones

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9
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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10
Q

What is the structure of a joint capsule?

A

Fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

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11
Q

What is the function of a joint capsule?

A

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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12
Q

What is the structure of a bursa?

A

a closed, fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

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13
Q

What is the function of a bursa?

A

Reduces friction between tendons and bones

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14
Q

what is a joint?

A

an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement

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15
Q

What is a plane of movement?

A

A description of the Three dimensional movements at a joint

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16
Q

What is movement pattern?

A

a description of the actions that take place at a joint

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17
Q

What are the three planes of movement?

A
  1. transverse (upper/lower)
  2. Sagittal (left/right)
  3. Frontal(front/back)
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18
Q

What movement pattern occurs at each plane of movement?

A
  1. transverse (horizontal extension, horizontal flexion, rotation)
  2. sagittal (hyper-extension, extension, flexion, dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion)
  3. frontal (adduction/abduction)
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19
Q

What is rotation?

A

articulating bones turn around heir longitudinal axis

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20
Q

Where is a condyloid joint found?

A

At the wrist

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21
Q

Where is a hinge joint found?

A

At the knee and elbow

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22
Q

Where is a ball and socket joint found?

A

At the shoulder and hip

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23
Q

Where is a pivot joint found?

A

radio-ulnar joint

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24
Q

where is a gliding joint found?

A

At the spine

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25
Q

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

A

The create movement

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26
Q

What is an origin?

A

The point where a muscle attaches to a stationary bone and stays relatively fixed during movement

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27
Q

What is an insertion?

A

The point where a muscle attaches to a move-able bone and gets closer to the origin during movement

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28
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The muscle that shortens to create movement - known as the prime mover

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29
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscles that co-ordinates with the agonist and lengthens during contractions to provide resistance

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30
Q

what is an antagonistic muscle action?

A

A paired muscle action where the agonist shortens to create movement and the antagonist provides resistance in co-ordination to the agonist

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31
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the wrist?

A 
Agonist = wrist extensors
Antagonist = wrist extensors
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32
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the elbow?

A 
Agonist = bicep brachii 
Antagonist = tricep brachii
33
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the shoulder?

A 
Agonist = anterior deltoid
Antagonist = posterior deltoid
34
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the hip?

A 
Agonist = Iliopsoas 
Antagonist = Gluteus maximus
35
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the knee?

A 
Agonist = bicep femoris 
Antagonist = rectus femoris
36
Q

What is the agonist/antagonist found at the ankle?

A 
Agonist = Tibialis anterior 
Antagonist = Gastrocnemius and soleus
37
Q

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle changes length during contraction

38
Q

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

A

When a muscle stays the same length when contracting

39
Q

Give two examples of an isometric muscle contraction:

A
  1. plank ( rectus abdominals contract) posture is maintained by muscle isometrically contracting
  2. biceps brachii contract when holding a free weight in one hand
40
Q

What is a concentric muscle contraction?

A

muscle shortens during contraction and pulls two bones closer together (upwards phase)

41
Q

What rule must you remember during movement analysis and eccentric contractions?

A

Flip the agonist and antagonist muscle. For example during the downward phase of a bicep curl, the tricep brachii becomes the agonist and the biceps brachii eccentrically contract becoming the antagonist

42
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

muscle lengthens during contraction and resists against gravity (downwards phase)

43
Q

What does DOMS stand fro?

A

Delayed onset-muscle soreness

44
Q

What are the articulating bones and tendons at the ankle?

A

Tibia(big) Fibua (small) Talus and achilles tendons

45
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist of a dorsi-felxion?

A 
agonist = tibialis anterior 
antagonist = gastrocnemius and soleus
46
Q

what is the agonist and antagonist of a planter flexion?

A 
agonist = gastrocnemius and soleus
antagonist = tibialis anterior
47
Q

What are the articulating bones at the knee?

A

Femur, and tibia

48
Q

What are the muscles (bicep femoris) used for flexion of the knee called?

A
  1. bicep femoris
  2. semitendonosus
  3. semimembranosus
    * hamstring group
49
Q

what are the muscles within the hamstring group?

A
  1. bicep femoris
  2. semitendonosus
  3. semimembranosus
50
Q

What are the muscles (rectus femoris) used for extension of the knee called?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus intermedius
  3. vastus lateralis
  4. vastus medialis
    * quadriceps group
51
Q

what are the articulating bones at the hip?

A

pelvic girdle and femur

52
Q

What is the agonist for extension of the hip?

A

sacrum (posterior)

53
Q

What are the agonists for hip abduction?

A
  1. abductor longus
  2. abductor brevis
  3. abductor magnus
54
Q

what are the agonists for hip extension?

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

55
Q

What are the articulating bones of the shoulder?

A

Humerus and scapula

56
Q

What muscles are responsible for adduction and abduction of the shoulder?

A 
Adduction = middle deltoid 
Abduction = latissimus dorsi
57
Q

What muscles are responsible for horizontal flexion and extension of the shoulder?

A

Horizontal flexion = pectoralis major

Horizontal extension = posterior deltoid

58
Q

what muscles are responsible for medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder?

A

Medial rotation = teres minor and subscapularis

Lateral rotation = teres minor and infraspinatous

59
Q

what are the articulating bones at the elbow?

A

ulna, radius, humerous

60
Q

what are the articulating bones at the wrist?

A

radius, ulna and carpals

61
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibres

62
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all its muscle fibres

63
Q

What is the use of a motor unit?

A

To send nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscle fibres to initiate movement

64
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A postive electrical charge within the nerve and muscle cells which carries the nerve impulse down the axon to the end of the neuron and to its muscle fibres

65
Q

What are the functional characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres (slow oxidative)?

A 
Fast = slow muscle contraction
Force = low force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = high resistance to fatigue 
A/AN = high aerobic capacity, low anaerobic capacity
66
Q

What are the structural characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres (slow oxidative)?

A 
Caps = high capillary density
Colour = red
Stores = high mitochondria density, high myoglobin content, low PC stores
67
Q

What are the functional characteristics of type 2a msucle fibres ( fast oxidative glycolytic)?

A 
Fast = fast muscle contraction 
Force = high force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = moderate/high resistance to fatigue 
A/AN = moderate aerobic capacity, moderate aerobic capacity
68
Q

What are the structural characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres (fast oxidative glycolytic)?

A 
Caps = high capillary density
Colour = red
Stores = moderate mitochondria density, moderate myoglobin content, high PC stores
69
Q

What are the functional characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres (fast glycolytic)?

A 
Fast = fast muscle contraction
Force = high force of muscular contraction
Fatigue = Low resistance to fatigue
A/AN = High anaerobic capacity, low aerobic capacity
70
Q

What are the structural characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres (fast glycolytic)?

A 
Caps = low capillary density
Colour = white
Stores = low mitochondria density. low myoglobin content, high PC stores
71
Q

What are the sporting applications of slow oxidative muscle fibres?

A

Endurance athletes such as marathon runners, triathlons and cross-country skiing

72
Q

What are the sporting applications of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?

A

High-intensity athletes such as 800-1500m runners, 200m freestyle swimming

73
Q

What are the sporting applications of fast glycolytic msucle fibres?

A

Explosive athletes such as 100m sprinters, log jumpers and javelin throwers

74
Q

How would you combine motor units to muscle fibre types in terms of SO?

A

SO have a small neuron size which stimulates small muscle fibres which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time, which resistis fatigue

75
Q

How would you combine motor units to muscle fibre types in terms of FOG?

A

FOG have a large neuron size which stimulates relatively large muscle fibres which provide a large amount of force and because of moderate levels of mitochrondria and myoglobin the msucle fibres can resist to fatigue

76
Q

How woudl you comdine motor units to msucle fibre types in terms of FG?

A

FG have a large neuron size which stimulates large muscle fibres which produces a large amount of force rapidly, but fatigues quickly

77
Q

How do we recruit muscle fibres when running?

A

In a ladder system

78
Q

What is work:relief ratio?

A

the volume of relief period in relation to the volume of work period

Pe 1 (12 decks)

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