Application of molecular techniques in genetics

Question 1

In MolBio, when we speak of genetics, we are specifically
dealing with______

Answer 1

Human Chromosome

Question 2

Refers to the complete set
of the chromosomes in the cells of the organism.
- Studying the human chromosome will be based on its____

Answer 2

Karyotype or karyotyping

Question 3

• Early development of this technique uses Radiolabeled
  probes as the target label.
• Because of the harmful effect of using radioactive agents, fluorescence probes are used.

Answer 3

IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (ISH)

Question 4

• used for the labeled gene or target that is in the reagent.
• tagging technique on how we add the
  probe in the sample.

Answer 4

Nick Translation

Question 5

used to replace some nucleotides
of DNA sequences

Answer 5

DNA POL I

Question 6

stage of the cell is arrested.
- o Advantage: Cell culture is not required in interphase FISH, which is commonly used in he study of the prenatal samples, tumors, and
hematological malignancies.

o Much rapid diagnosis

Answer 6

Interphase FISH

Question 7

o Designed to mark the entire chromosome of interest.

• useful for deciphering cytogenetic aberrations that are difficult to resolve on morphological grounds, such as
  marker chromosomes of uncertain nature or complex changes.

o Uses many probes from a single chromosome and based on that single chromosome, there are lots of unique DNA associated with it.

o Advantage: one of the best assay for looking for any rearrangement in the chromosome.

Answer 7

WCP (Whole Chromosome Painting)

Question 8

• Combines binary ratio labeling and
  color-changing karyotyping.

o Much more automated in the sense that it uses a computer-assisted system.

o Profile is already fixed in the system, and it will just be compared.

o One chromosomal change is detected at a
time

Answer 8

MFISH (Multicolor- FISH)

Question 9

o Main Advantage: observe multiple
chromosomal aberrations/changes.

Answer 9

SKY (Spectral Karyotyping)

Question 10

o Uses a telomere probe which will recognize six base repeats which are present at the ends of all chromosomes.
o Advantage: Used as a confirmatory assay
because it can confirm the presence as well as
the absence of telomeric regions.

Answer 10

ALL-TELOMERE-FISH

Question 11

o Compare the DNA content of differentially
labeled normal from abnormal cell population To identify if there is a change on the said
chromosome.

Answer 11

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Question 12

MAIN APPLICATION OF FISH

Answer 12

• DIAGNOSIS
• PROGNOSIS
• EVALUATE REMISSION OF DISEASE

Question 13

Inherited diseases or Mutations

Answer 13

Diagnosis

Question 14

• If there is a presence or absence of mutated gene

Answer 14

Prognosis

Question 15

Repeated condition

Answer 15

• Evaluate Remission of Disease

Question 16

• More specific
• Distinguish one disease from another.
• Detect disease cells more easily and rapidly without
  requiring living cells.
• Quantitate through automated methods.
• Less labor-intensive technique

Answer 16

ADVANTAGES OF FISH

Question 17

With a microscope, it’s possible to get some indication of age sex and race from hair. Comparing hairs allows police to identify people, with an error rate of only one in 4500.

Answer 17

Hair

Question 18

Age, sex, race, and sometimes medical history can be determined from bones

Answer 18

Bone

Question 19

Fingerprint evidence was introduced in the late
1800s despite much skepticism. It took decades before fingerprints were routinely used in police and court matters.
o Disadvantage: easily removed

Answer 19

Fingerprints

Question 20

o Considered as the best sample
o Blood typing based on these four groups can be a
powerful tool for resolving legal matters.
o But with only four possibilities per person, there are
many cases in which blood typing is not helpful.
o More blood groups have been discovered over the
past 100 years, but even these cannot provide the
same level of identification as DNA testing

Answer 20

Blood

Question 21

can be recovered from blood, semen, saliva, bone, teeth, or microscopic flecks of skin or other tissues.

Answer 21

DNA

Question 22

o Chewing Gum
o Stamps and Envelopes
o Penile Swabs
o Washed Stains
o Doorknobs
o Toothbrushes
o Sanitary Pads
o Tooth Pulp
o Sweaty Clothing
o Telephones
o Bone Marrow
o Hairbrushes

Answer 22

Types of objects where DNA may be found

Question 23

o 2-5 repeats are called _____ DNA which can
survive degraded DNA

Answer 23

Micro-satellite

Question 24

9-10 repeats are called_____

Answer 24

Mini-satellite

Question 25

To create a DNA profile or DNA fingerprint of an individual, _____ are used

Answer 25

10-13 region